The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

! 4.1.1. UNFCCC Mitigation The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was developed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 (also called the “Rio Earth Summit”) and entered into force in 1994, with its main objective “to stabilize GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent further human-induced global warming”. Parties to the convention adopted the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 1997, which required reductions of emissions of four GHGs (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride) by “Annex 1” (industrialized) countries relative to their emission levels in 1990 (an aggregate 5.2% reduction, with varying reductions required of different countries). The KP entered into force in February 2005 and will expire in 2012. As of January 2009, 183 countries had ratified the Protocol 6 , with the United States being the sole Annex 1 country not to ratify it. In addition to requiring emissions reductions by Annex 1 countries, the KP provided for emissions trading through three market mechanisms: i) emissions trading within Annex 1 countries; ii) the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), through which Annex 1 countries can purchase certified emission reductions (CERs) by supporting projects implemented in developing countries; and iii) Joint Implementation (JI), through which Annex 1 countries can purchase emission reduction units (ERUs) through projects in other developed countries or transition economies. Emissions trading in the European Union (EU) is by far the largest market, with a total volume of more than 2 billion tons of CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 e) in emission allowances worth $50 billion traded in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme in 2007, accounting for more than twothirds of the entire carbon market (Table 4.1). The CDM is the second largest market, accounting for CERs of nearly 800 million tons of CO 2 e valued at nearly $13 billion in 2007. Of these mechanisms, only the CDM supports projects in SSA. The rules of the CDM allow support to projects that reduce emissions of GHG, such as installation of more efficient industrial processes or replacement of hydrocarbon fuels by renewable energy sources. In the agricultural sector, eligible projects include those that reduce GHG emissions through improved manure management, reduction of enteric fermentation in livestock (e.g., through improved !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ) !Technically, these countries had ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to the terms of the Kyoto Protocol (see http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php). All of these terms imply that the terms of the agreement are legally binding.! ! %,!
! feeding practices), improved fertilizer usage or improved water management in rice cultivation (http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2005/cmp1/eng/08a01.pdf, p. 45). Most agricultural CDM projects involve flaring of biogas produced by intensive livestock operations (UNEP Risoe 2009). Afforestation and reforestation projects are also eligible for emission reduction credits under the CDM. Other AFOLU activities, such as revegetation of grasslands or soil carbon sequestration in agricultural lands, are not eligible for the CDM. By March 2009 there were only three registered CDM projects related to afforestation or reforestation, accounting for less than 0.2% of all registered CDM projects and about 200,000 tCO 2 e of CERs. None of these registered CDM afforestation/reforestation projects was in Africa (http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/index.html). Many more afforestation/reforestation projects are in the CDM pipeline, however, including several in Africa. Globally, there were 35 afforestation/reforestation projects in the pipeline by early March 2009, of which 10 were in SSA (UNEP Risoe 2009). These include five projects in Uganda, two in Tanzania, and one each in Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Mali. By 2012, these projects are expected to generate about 3 MtCO 2 e of emission offsets; mostly due to a large reforestation project in Tanzania (Ibid.). The total emissions reductions from these 10 projects is a very small fraction of the total emission reductions from all CDM projects in SSA, estimated at about 32 Mt CO 2 eq by 2012. This total is itself a small fraction of the total amount of emission reductions purchased under CDM. Adaptation Although the main emphasis of the UNFCCC is on GHG mitigation, in recent years there has been increasing attention paid to the need for adaptation. The UNFCCC requires all signatory countries to take appropriate actions to facilitate adaptation, and developed country parties are required to provide financial resources to developing countries to meet these obligations, with particular emphasis on assisting small island developing countries, least developing countries, and countries otherwise highly vulnerable to climate variability. As part of their obligations under the UNFCCC, most countries in SSA have developed National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), which identify strategies and priority projects for adapting to climate change. However, these programs have yet to be fully implemented in most cases, in part due to lack of funds to support the prioritized activities. ! &-!
Page 1 and 2: Land&Climate The Role of Sustainabl
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Climate
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 2-1. Number
Page 9 and 10: ICRISAT IGAD IPCC ISDR JI lCER LDCF
Page 11 and 12: ! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coping with cli
Page 13 and 14: ! organic carbon. SLM represents a
Page 15 and 16: ! tenure insecurity in many African
Page 17 and 18: ! To achieve success in the first t
Page 19 and 20: ! degradation, soil and biomass car
Page 21 and 22: ! 2. The Challenge of Climate Varia
Page 23 and 24: ! production and food security for
Page 25 and 26: ! production in Africa and other re
Page 27 and 28: ! Ethiopia consider soil and water
Page 29 and 30: ! the region is degraded to such an
Page 31 and 32: ! In terms of affected area, UNEP (
Page 33 and 34: ! techniques, like bunding (e.g. Ke
Page 35 and 36: ! flooding in sloping lands and pro
Page 37 and 38: ! Reducing Emissions from Deforesta
Page 39 and 40: ! organic carbon. Principles of div
Page 41 and 42: ! A first major impact in Africa wo
Page 43 and 44: ! the practices and qualitatively a
Page 45: ! o Several adaptation funds have b
Page 49 and 50: ! billion for the CTF and $2.0 bill
Page 51 and 52: ! require social and environment be
Page 53 and 54: ! focus on financing CDM and/or JI
Page 55 and 56: ! nations have ratified (or adopted
Page 57 and 58: ! vulnerability assessment, develop
Page 59 and 60: ! The TerrAfrica partnership is pla
Page 61 and 62: ! o increased use of voluntary carb
Page 63 and 64: ! • increased integration of clim
Page 65 and 66: ! allowances and offsets are within
Page 67 and 68: ! greater financial resources than
Page 69 and 70: ! activities (these challenges are
Page 71 and 72: ! CER can be carried over to subseq
Page 73 and 74: ! However, the limited extent of su
Page 75 and 76: ! doubts about the verifiability an
Page 77 and 78: ! REDD payments also could have neg
Page 79 and 80: ! VCS, rather than trying to measur
Page 81 and 82: ! Applied research and knowledge ma
Page 83 and 84: ! important to address, so that the
Page 85 and 86: ! As shown earlier in this report,
Page 87 and 88: ! non-A/R projects (a lower thresho
Page 89 and 90: ! countries, including national pov
Page 91 and 92: ! and developing programs and proje
Page 93 and 94: ! • Land degradation increases th
Page 95 and 96: ! • Constraints to increased use
Page 97 and 98:
! and TerrAfrica process to develop
Page 99 and 100:
! Table 2-2. Projected mean tempera
Page 101 and 102:
! Table 2-5. Severe environmental c
Page 103 and 104:
! Table 3-2. Importance of Causes o
Page 105 and 106:
! Practice Adaptation aspects Mitig
Page 107 and 108:
! Table 4-1. Carbon markets, volume
Page 109 and 110:
! Table 4-3. Summary of Progress du
Page 111 and 112:
! Figure 2-3. Projected increases i
Page 113 and 114:
! Figure 3-1. NDVI based estimates
Page 115 and 116:
! Figure 3-3. Greenhouse gas emissi
Page 117 and 118:
! Figure 4-2. Potential savings by
Page 119 and 120:
! References ! Ambrosi, P. 2009. No
Page 121 and 122:
! Dregne, H. and M. Kassas. 1991. A
Page 123 and 124:
! Kruseman, G., Ruben, R. and G. Te
Page 125 and 126:
! Sustainable Land Management in th
Page 127:
! United States Government Accounta
show all

The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?