The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

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! Several international funds have been established to support climate change adaptation. Three of these are under the control of the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The Strategic Priority for Adaptation (SPA) fund is a $50 million fund that supports demonstration projects in non-Annex 1 countries on adaptation activities with global environmental benefits (Ambrosi 2009). The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) is a $180 million fund that supports priority adaptation projects identified by the NAPA’s of the poorest countries, which includes most countries in SSA. The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) is a $90 million fund similar to the LDCF, but which is available to all non-Annex 1 countries (Ibid.). In addition to these funds, the UNFCCC manages a new Adaptation Fund that was established under the Kyoto Protocol and financed by a 2 percent levy on CDM projects. The size of the fund will depend on the total value of CDM projects that are approved, but this fund is expected to reach $100 million to $500 million by 2012 (UNFCCC 2007). Other funds that support climate change adaptation include the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), which works in partnership within the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and focuses on building capacities to enhance disaster resilience and adaptive capacities in changing climate (fund amount $40 million in fiscal year 2008); the United Nations Development Program’s (UNDP) adaptation facilities for Africa ($90 - $120 million); various trust funds and partnerships housed in multi-lateral development banks (MDBs); and climate related research led by the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) ($77 million) (Ambrosi 2009). In addition, several new funds have been established supporting both climate change adaptation and mitigation activities, including two Climate Investment Funds (CIF) managed by the World Bank and regional development banks, and the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) supported by the European Community (EC) (with funds of about !300 million) (Ibid.). The CIF were established in 2008 and include two funds: the Clean Technology Fund (CTF), which will focus on financing projects and programs in developing countries which contribute to the demonstration, deployment, and transfer of low-carbon technologies (mainly clean energy technologies); and the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF), which will be broader and more flexible in scope and will serve as an overarching fund for various programs to test innovative approaches to climate change (http://go.worldbank.org/FHNFBC0W10). By September 2008, donor governments had pledged $6.3 billion to these two funds, including $4.3 ! &$!
! billion for the CTF and $2.0 billion for the SCF (Op cit.; “CIF Financial Status as of January 26, 2009”). Of the two CIF funds, the SCF is the most relevant to supporting SLM activities. Under the SCF, three programs are envisioned so far – a Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), a Forest Investment Program (FIP), and a program for Scaling up Renewable Energy (SRE). The PPCR is intended to be complementary to other adaptation funds, focusing on providing programmatic finance for developing and implementing country-led national climate resilient development plans, and providing lessons that can be taken up by countries, the development community and the future climate change regime. The FIP is intended to mobilize significantly increased funds to reduce deforestation and forest degradation and to promote sustainable forest management. Of the $2 billion pledged to the SCF, $240 million was specifically targeted to the PPCR, $58 million to the FIP, and $70 million to the SRE (most of the pledged funds were not allocated to any specific program). In addition to funds specifically targeted to promoting climate change adaptation (and mitigation), increasing attention is being paid to addressing climate issues in regular flows of official development assistance (ODA). The integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation concerns into broader economic development programs offers an important opportunity to scale up investments that will have beneficial impacts on adapting to and mitigating climate change, including investments in sustainable land management. We discuss this opportunity further in a subsequent section. Although these adaptation funds are available and growing in size, they represent only a small fraction of the funds that will be needed to finance adaptation activities in developing countries. According to a UNFCCC study of the costs required for climate change mitigation and adaptation, $28 billion to $67 billion per year will be required to finance adaptation activities in developing countries by 2030 (UNFCCC 2007). About $14 billion per year is estimated to be needed for adaptation in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector, with about half of this in developing countries. Most of these expenditures ($11 billion) will be needed to finance capital assets; for example for irrigation, adoption of new practices or to relocate processing facilities, and much of this (especially in developed countries) is expected to be financed by private sources. $3 billion is estimated to be needed annually for agricultural and natural resource management research, development and extension, primarily in developing countries, with ! &%!
Page 1 and 2: Land&Climate The Role of Sustainabl
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Climate
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 2-1. Number
Page 9 and 10: ICRISAT IGAD IPCC ISDR JI lCER LDCF
Page 11 and 12: ! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coping with cli
Page 13 and 14: ! organic carbon. SLM represents a
Page 15 and 16: ! tenure insecurity in many African
Page 17 and 18: ! To achieve success in the first t
Page 19 and 20: ! degradation, soil and biomass car
Page 21 and 22: ! 2. The Challenge of Climate Varia
Page 23 and 24: ! production and food security for
Page 25 and 26: ! production in Africa and other re
Page 27 and 28: ! Ethiopia consider soil and water
Page 29 and 30: ! the region is degraded to such an
Page 31 and 32: ! In terms of affected area, UNEP (
Page 33 and 34: ! techniques, like bunding (e.g. Ke
Page 35 and 36: ! flooding in sloping lands and pro
Page 37 and 38: ! Reducing Emissions from Deforesta
Page 39 and 40: ! organic carbon. Principles of div
Page 41 and 42: ! A first major impact in Africa wo
Page 43 and 44: ! the practices and qualitatively a
Page 45 and 46: ! o Several adaptation funds have b
Page 47: ! feeding practices), improved fert
Page 51 and 52: ! require social and environment be
Page 53 and 54: ! focus on financing CDM and/or JI
Page 55 and 56: ! nations have ratified (or adopted
Page 57 and 58: ! vulnerability assessment, develop
Page 59 and 60: ! The TerrAfrica partnership is pla
Page 61 and 62: ! o increased use of voluntary carb
Page 63 and 64: ! • increased integration of clim
Page 65 and 66: ! allowances and offsets are within
Page 67 and 68: ! greater financial resources than
Page 69 and 70: ! activities (these challenges are
Page 71 and 72: ! CER can be carried over to subseq
Page 73 and 74: ! However, the limited extent of su
Page 75 and 76: ! doubts about the verifiability an
Page 77 and 78: ! REDD payments also could have neg
Page 79 and 80: ! VCS, rather than trying to measur
Page 81 and 82: ! Applied research and knowledge ma
Page 83 and 84: ! important to address, so that the
Page 85 and 86: ! As shown earlier in this report,
Page 87 and 88: ! non-A/R projects (a lower thresho
Page 89 and 90: ! countries, including national pov
Page 91 and 92: ! and developing programs and proje
Page 93 and 94: ! • Land degradation increases th
Page 95 and 96: ! • Constraints to increased use
Page 97 and 98: ! and TerrAfrica process to develop
Page 99 and 100:
! Table 2-2. Projected mean tempera
Page 101 and 102:
! Table 2-5. Severe environmental c
Page 103 and 104:
! Table 3-2. Importance of Causes o
Page 105 and 106:
! Practice Adaptation aspects Mitig
Page 107 and 108:
! Table 4-1. Carbon markets, volume
Page 109 and 110:
! Table 4-3. Summary of Progress du
Page 111 and 112:
! Figure 2-3. Projected increases i
Page 113 and 114:
! Figure 3-1. NDVI based estimates
Page 115 and 116:
! Figure 3-3. Greenhouse gas emissi
Page 117 and 118:
! Figure 4-2. Potential savings by
Page 119 and 120:
! References ! Ambrosi, P. 2009. No
Page 121 and 122:
! Dregne, H. and M. Kassas. 1991. A
Page 123 and 124:
! Kruseman, G., Ruben, R. and G. Te
Page 125 and 126:
! Sustainable Land Management in th
Page 127:
! United States Government Accounta
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