The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

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! agricultural soil carbon sequestration include projects promoting conservation tillage and grass planting. Standard contracts have been developed for these projects, and for conservation tillage, emissions reductions are credited at a rate between 0.2 and 0.6 tCO 2 per acre per year (0.5 to 1.5 tCO 2 per hectare per year). REDD projects earn offsets for additional net carbon sequestered compared to the previous year. Although such markets appear to offer little to African nations and farmers because of their small size and limited trading of AFOLU projects in Africa, they may be very important in demonstrating the feasibility of such contracts to the negotiations in Copenhagen on the post-Kyoto climate treaty. 4.1.3. Carbon mitigation funds Various carbon mitigation funds have been established by multilateral and bilateral donors and development banks, which can be particularly important to finance development of carbon mitigation projects in SSA. There are at least 17 funds and facilities managed by multilateral development banks with a value of close to US$3 billion, of which a large part (about two-thirds) is already committed (Ambrosi 2009). The World Bank has established three carbon funds – including the BioCarbon Fund (BCF), the Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF), and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) – which are targeted to poorer countries and, in the case of the BCF, to rural areas of developing countries. The CDCF, which was established in 2003 and currently totals about $129 million, focuses on financing projects related to AFOLU that also provide significant development benefits to communities in the project vicinity. The BCF, which was established in 2004 and totals about $54 million, focuses mainly on financing afforestation and reforestation activities eligible under CDM projects and the broader set of AFOLU activities eligible under JI projects; but it also has a smaller window to explore and finance options not eligible under the KP mechanisms but that may be creditable under other programs (such as restoration of degraded land, rehabilitation of dryland grazing lands, etc.). The FCPF was launched at the UNFCCC meeting in Bali in December 2007, but is not yet operational. It is intended to focus on financing REDD activities. In addition, the GEF is providing about $250 million per year in grant financing for mitigation activities during 2006- 2010. Many other carbon mitigation funds have been established by particular governments (especially in Europe and Japan), development banks and private investors. Almost all of these ! &(!
! focus on financing CDM and/or JI projects. Many of these focus on financing projects in particular geographic regions or particular sectors. Few of these target SSA or AFOLU activities, although several permit financing of any project that is eligible for the CDM or JI. Some of these funds – for example, the European, Dutch and Danish government funds – specifically exclude AFOLU projects because of concerns about the technical, business and political feasibility of such projects. 4.1.4. UNCCD Like the UNFCCC, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was established as an outcome of the UNCED in 1992. It was adopted by the United Nations in 1994 and entered into force in December 1996. The objective of the convention is to combat desertification – defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas due to various factors, including human causes and climate variability – and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa. 192 countries have ratified (or approved, accepted or acceded to) the convention. A major emphasis of the UNCCD is to integrate objectives of poverty reduction and economic and social development with the objective of combating desertification and mitigating drought. In recent years, the UNCCD Secretariat and the Global Mechanism (which focuses on financial resource mobilization for implementing the convention) have increasingly emphasized the synergies between the UNCCD and other MEAs, especially the UNFCCC. Under the UNCCD, affected developing countries are required to develop National Action Programmes (NAPs) to combat desertification and mitigate drought, which diagnose the causes of these problems and identify strategies, enabling policies and specific actions and investments to address them. These programs have been generally developed through consultative and participatory processes involving stakeholders from governments at different levels, civil society, the private sector, and representatives of communities. To date, NAPs have been developed by 34 countries in SSA. In addition to the NAPs, Sub-regional Action Programmes (SRAPs) and a Regional Action Programme (RAP) have also been developed in Africa under the UNCCD. These subregional and regional programs are intended to ensure adequate coordination of the national programs and address issues that aren’t adequately addressed within national programs, such as ! &)!
Page 1 and 2: Land&Climate The Role of Sustainabl
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Climate
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 2-1. Number
Page 9 and 10: ICRISAT IGAD IPCC ISDR JI lCER LDCF
Page 11 and 12: ! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coping with cli
Page 13 and 14: ! organic carbon. SLM represents a
Page 15 and 16: ! tenure insecurity in many African
Page 17 and 18: ! To achieve success in the first t
Page 19 and 20: ! degradation, soil and biomass car
Page 21 and 22: ! 2. The Challenge of Climate Varia
Page 23 and 24: ! production and food security for
Page 25 and 26: ! production in Africa and other re
Page 27 and 28: ! Ethiopia consider soil and water
Page 29 and 30: ! the region is degraded to such an
Page 31 and 32: ! In terms of affected area, UNEP (
Page 33 and 34: ! techniques, like bunding (e.g. Ke
Page 35 and 36: ! flooding in sloping lands and pro
Page 37 and 38: ! Reducing Emissions from Deforesta
Page 39 and 40: ! organic carbon. Principles of div
Page 41 and 42: ! A first major impact in Africa wo
Page 43 and 44: ! the practices and qualitatively a
Page 45 and 46: ! o Several adaptation funds have b
Page 47 and 48: ! feeding practices), improved fert
Page 49 and 50: ! billion for the CTF and $2.0 bill
Page 51: ! require social and environment be
Page 55 and 56: ! nations have ratified (or adopted
Page 57 and 58: ! vulnerability assessment, develop
Page 59 and 60: ! The TerrAfrica partnership is pla
Page 61 and 62: ! o increased use of voluntary carb
Page 63 and 64: ! • increased integration of clim
Page 65 and 66: ! allowances and offsets are within
Page 67 and 68: ! greater financial resources than
Page 69 and 70: ! activities (these challenges are
Page 71 and 72: ! CER can be carried over to subseq
Page 73 and 74: ! However, the limited extent of su
Page 75 and 76: ! doubts about the verifiability an
Page 77 and 78: ! REDD payments also could have neg
Page 79 and 80: ! VCS, rather than trying to measur
Page 81 and 82: ! Applied research and knowledge ma
Page 83 and 84: ! important to address, so that the
Page 85 and 86: ! As shown earlier in this report,
Page 87 and 88: ! non-A/R projects (a lower thresho
Page 89 and 90: ! countries, including national pov
Page 91 and 92: ! and developing programs and proje
Page 93 and 94: ! • Land degradation increases th
Page 95 and 96: ! • Constraints to increased use
Page 97 and 98: ! and TerrAfrica process to develop
Page 99 and 100: ! Table 2-2. Projected mean tempera
Page 101 and 102: ! Table 2-5. Severe environmental c
Page 103 and 104:
! Table 3-2. Importance of Causes o
Page 105 and 106:
! Practice Adaptation aspects Mitig
Page 107 and 108:
! Table 4-1. Carbon markets, volume
Page 109 and 110:
! Table 4-3. Summary of Progress du
Page 111 and 112:
! Figure 2-3. Projected increases i
Page 113 and 114:
! Figure 3-1. NDVI based estimates
Page 115 and 116:
! Figure 3-3. Greenhouse gas emissi
Page 117 and 118:
! Figure 4-2. Potential savings by
Page 119 and 120:
! References ! Ambrosi, P. 2009. No
Page 121 and 122:
! Dregne, H. and M. Kassas. 1991. A
Page 123 and 124:
! Kruseman, G., Ruben, R. and G. Te
Page 125 and 126:
! Sustainable Land Management in th
Page 127:
! United States Government Accounta
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