The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

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! 5. CONCLUSIONS In this report, we have reviewed available evidence on climate variability and change and land degradation in SSA; assessed the potential for SLM approaches to help mitigate and adapt to these problems; reviewed the policies and strategies being used to promote climate mitigation and adaptation; identified key opportunities and constraints to improve mitigation and adaptation through SLM; and identified options to achieve the opportunities and overcome the constraints. Several key messages emerge from the review: Climate change and variability in SSA • SSA is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. o The impacts of climate variability have increased in SSA in recent decades, and are expected to continue to do so as a result of climate change. o The impacts of climate change on future land use, agriculture and food security are predicted to be negative throughout much of Africa, as a result of rising temperatures everywhere, and declining and more variable rainfall in many locations. • These impacts will exacerbate and be exacerbated by widespread land degradation in SSA. Linkages between land degradation, SLM and climate change in SSA • Land degradation is widespread in SSA, especially in drylands and forest margin areas, caused mainly by conversion of forests, woodlands and rangelands to crop production; overgrazing of rangelands; and unsustainable agricultural practices on croplands. • Climate variability and change can contribute to land degradation by making current land use practices unsustainable and inducing more rapid conversion of land to unsustainable uses. • However, climate change also can offer new opportunities for sustainable land management, by increasing temperature and rainfall in some environments, through CO 2 fertilization effects, or through the development of markets for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. ! *(!
! • Land degradation increases the vulnerability of rural people in SSA to climate variability and change, while SLM can reduce it. • SLM also provides major opportunities to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Policies and strategies affecting climate change mitigation and adaptation through SLM • There are many policy frameworks, strategies, institutions and programs affecting opportunities and constraints to promote climate change mitigation and adaptation through SLM in SSA. Among the most potentially important are the CDM, the voluntary carbon market, climate mitigation and adaptation funds, the UNCCD, NEPAD/CAADP, TerrAfrica and regional, sub-regional and national policy processes linked to these. SLM can provide an integrative framework for the various policy conventions and available financing mechanisms. • The current use of these mechanisms to support SLM projects in SSA is very limited: o Only 10 afforestation or reforestation projects in SSA are in the CDM pipeline. o No offsets are supplied to the CCX by SLM projects in SSA, and only about 0.2 MtCO 2 e were offset through other voluntary transactions involving land management in SSA in 2007 (less than 0.5% of global voluntary transactions). o Many carbon mitigation have been established, but most do not support AFOLU activities in SSA. o Several adaptation funds have been established, but they are small compared to the total need, and access to these funds in SSA has been very limited so far. o Implementation of National Action Programmes of the UNCCD has been limited by funding constraints and other factors. • NEPAD’s CAADP and TerrAfrica are working in partnership to promote up-scaling of SLM in Africa, with increasing focus on climate change mitigation and adaption. o TerrAfrica has mobilized $150 million in funds that are expected to leverage an additional $1 billion to support this goal. o CAADP and TerrAfrica are working with African governments to develop and support CSIFs for SLM. Integrating strategies and programs to promote SLM and address climate change with each other and with national development strategies ! *)!
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Land&Climate The Role of Sustainabl
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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Climate
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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List of Figures Figure 2-1. Number
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ICRISAT IGAD IPCC ISDR JI lCER LDCF
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! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coping with cli
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! organic carbon. SLM represents a
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! tenure insecurity in many African
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! To achieve success in the first t
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! degradation, soil and biomass car
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! 2. The Challenge of Climate Varia
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! production and food security for
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! production in Africa and other re
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! Ethiopia consider soil and water
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! the region is degraded to such an
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! In terms of affected area, UNEP (
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! techniques, like bunding (e.g. Ke
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! flooding in sloping lands and pro
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! Reducing Emissions from Deforesta
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! organic carbon. Principles of div
Page 41 and 42: ! A first major impact in Africa wo
Page 43 and 44: ! the practices and qualitatively a
Page 45 and 46: ! o Several adaptation funds have b
Page 47 and 48: ! feeding practices), improved fert
Page 49 and 50: ! billion for the CTF and $2.0 bill
Page 51 and 52: ! require social and environment be
Page 53 and 54: ! focus on financing CDM and/or JI
Page 55 and 56: ! nations have ratified (or adopted
Page 57 and 58: ! vulnerability assessment, develop
Page 59 and 60: ! The TerrAfrica partnership is pla
Page 61 and 62: ! o increased use of voluntary carb
Page 63 and 64: ! • increased integration of clim
Page 65 and 66: ! allowances and offsets are within
Page 67 and 68: ! greater financial resources than
Page 69 and 70: ! activities (these challenges are
Page 71 and 72: ! CER can be carried over to subseq
Page 73 and 74: ! However, the limited extent of su
Page 75 and 76: ! doubts about the verifiability an
Page 77 and 78: ! REDD payments also could have neg
Page 79 and 80: ! VCS, rather than trying to measur
Page 81 and 82: ! Applied research and knowledge ma
Page 83 and 84: ! important to address, so that the
Page 85 and 86: ! As shown earlier in this report,
Page 87 and 88: ! non-A/R projects (a lower thresho
Page 89 and 90: ! countries, including national pov
Page 91: ! and developing programs and proje
Page 95 and 96: ! • Constraints to increased use
Page 97 and 98: ! and TerrAfrica process to develop
Page 99 and 100: ! Table 2-2. Projected mean tempera
Page 101 and 102: ! Table 2-5. Severe environmental c
Page 103 and 104: ! Table 3-2. Importance of Causes o
Page 105 and 106: ! Practice Adaptation aspects Mitig
Page 107 and 108: ! Table 4-1. Carbon markets, volume
Page 109 and 110: ! Table 4-3. Summary of Progress du
Page 111 and 112: ! Figure 2-3. Projected increases i
Page 113 and 114: ! Figure 3-1. NDVI based estimates
Page 115 and 116: ! Figure 3-3. Greenhouse gas emissi
Page 117 and 118: ! Figure 4-2. Potential savings by
Page 119 and 120: ! References ! Ambrosi, P. 2009. No
Page 121 and 122: ! Dregne, H. and M. Kassas. 1991. A
Page 123 and 124: ! Kruseman, G., Ruben, R. and G. Te
Page 125 and 126: ! Sustainable Land Management in th
Page 127: ! United States Government Accounta
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