The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

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! rangeland to unsustainable agricultural uses. At the same time, land degradation increases the vulnerability of agricultural production and rural people to extreme weather events and climate change, as the fertility and buffering capacities of the land and livelihood assets are depleted. Land degradation is not an inevitable result of climate variability and change, however. Much depends upon how land resource users respond to climate changes. Climate change can offer new opportunities for productive and sustainable land management (SLM) practices, such as reforestation, improved water management, integrated soil fertility management, conservation agriculture, agroforestry, improved rangeland management and others as a result of changing biophysical or market conditions. New opportunities for SLM are arising from regulations and emerging markets to mitigate global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Agriculture, forestry and land use (AFOLU) practices in SSA can play an important role in mitigating GHG emissions by reducing agricultural emissions of GHG and sequestering carbon in vegetation, litter and soils. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that improved agricultural and land management practices in SSA, including improved cropland and grazing land management, restoration of peaty soils, restoration of degraded land and other practices, could reduce GHG emissions by 265 Mt CO 2 e per year by 2030 (at opportunity costs of up to $20 per tCO 2 e). Afforestation in Africa could sequester 665 Mt CO 2 per year, while reduced deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in Africa could reduce emissions by 1,260 Mt CO 2 e in 2030 (at opportunity costs of up to $100 per tCO 2 ). These potential emission reductions in Africa represent about 6.5% of global GHG emissions in 2000; a substantial potential impact even if it would not solve the climate problem by itself. If payments for these carbon mitigation services were available, this could also provide large flows of funds (more than $10 billion per year if only half of the potential reductions were achieved) to help promote SLM activities in Africa. SLM can also reduce vulnerability and help people adapt to climate variability and change. For example, farmers in the Ethiopian highlands report investing in soil and water conservation measures as their most common response to declining rainfall. Many SLM practices can simultaneously achieve both adaptation and mitigation goals, especially those that increase soil ! ""!
! organic carbon. SLM represents a preventative approach to climate change that can reduce the need for costly ex post coping measures, like changing crops and livelihoods, clearing new lands for agriculture and migration. The predicted negative yield impacts of climate change are often dwarfed by proven positive yield impacts of improved land management. In addition to positive impacts on average yields, many SLM practices reduce the variability of agricultural production (for example, soil and water conservation and organic practices that improve soil moisture holding capacity or integrated pest management practices that reduce vulnerability to pests), while others can help to diversify agricultural income (for example, agroforestry with non-timber tree products or crop rotations). A combination of SLM practices can be used to combat the different manifestations of climate change. Despite the large potential for SLM to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation in SSA, little of this potential is currently being realized. SLM practices are adopted on only a small percentage of agricultural land in SSA. Degradation of agricultural land and expansion of agriculture into forests, woodlands and bush land are continuing at a rapid pace. There are many policy frameworks, strategies, institutions and programs to promote climate mitigation and adaptation through SLM in SSA, but the impacts of these are so far quite limited. Among the potentially most important mechanisms are the Clean Development Mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the voluntary carbon market, various climate mitigation and adaptation funds, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program (CAADP) of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), TerrAfrica, and regional, sub-regional and national policy processes linked to these. Current use of these mechanisms is very limited: • Among AFOLU measures, the CDM allows only afforestation and reforestation (A/R) projects, but only 10 A/R projects in SSA are in the CDM pipeline. • No offsets are supplied to the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) by SLM projects in SSA, and only about 0.2 MtCO 2 e were offset through other voluntary transactions involving land management in SSA in 2007. ! """!
Page 1 and 2: Land&Climate The Role of Sustainabl
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Climate
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 2-1. Number
Page 9 and 10: ICRISAT IGAD IPCC ISDR JI lCER LDCF
Page 11: ! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coping with cli
Page 15 and 16: ! tenure insecurity in many African
Page 17 and 18: ! To achieve success in the first t
Page 19 and 20: ! degradation, soil and biomass car
Page 21 and 22: ! 2. The Challenge of Climate Varia
Page 23 and 24: ! production and food security for
Page 25 and 26: ! production in Africa and other re
Page 27 and 28: ! Ethiopia consider soil and water
Page 29 and 30: ! the region is degraded to such an
Page 31 and 32: ! In terms of affected area, UNEP (
Page 33 and 34: ! techniques, like bunding (e.g. Ke
Page 35 and 36: ! flooding in sloping lands and pro
Page 37 and 38: ! Reducing Emissions from Deforesta
Page 39 and 40: ! organic carbon. Principles of div
Page 41 and 42: ! A first major impact in Africa wo
Page 43 and 44: ! the practices and qualitatively a
Page 45 and 46: ! o Several adaptation funds have b
Page 47 and 48: ! feeding practices), improved fert
Page 49 and 50: ! billion for the CTF and $2.0 bill
Page 51 and 52: ! require social and environment be
Page 53 and 54: ! focus on financing CDM and/or JI
Page 55 and 56: ! nations have ratified (or adopted
Page 57 and 58: ! vulnerability assessment, develop
Page 59 and 60: ! The TerrAfrica partnership is pla
Page 61 and 62: ! o increased use of voluntary carb
Page 63 and 64:
! • increased integration of clim
Page 65 and 66:
! allowances and offsets are within
Page 67 and 68:
! greater financial resources than
Page 69 and 70:
! activities (these challenges are
Page 71 and 72:
! CER can be carried over to subseq
Page 73 and 74:
! However, the limited extent of su
Page 75 and 76:
! doubts about the verifiability an
Page 77 and 78:
! REDD payments also could have neg
Page 79 and 80:
! VCS, rather than trying to measur
Page 81 and 82:
! Applied research and knowledge ma
Page 83 and 84:
! important to address, so that the
Page 85 and 86:
! As shown earlier in this report,
Page 87 and 88:
! non-A/R projects (a lower thresho
Page 89 and 90:
! countries, including national pov
Page 91 and 92:
! and developing programs and proje
Page 93 and 94:
! • Land degradation increases th
Page 95 and 96:
! • Constraints to increased use
Page 97 and 98:
! and TerrAfrica process to develop
Page 99 and 100:
! Table 2-2. Projected mean tempera
Page 101 and 102:
! Table 2-5. Severe environmental c
Page 103 and 104:
! Table 3-2. Importance of Causes o
Page 105 and 106:
! Practice Adaptation aspects Mitig
Page 107 and 108:
! Table 4-1. Carbon markets, volume
Page 109 and 110:
! Table 4-3. Summary of Progress du
Page 111 and 112:
! Figure 2-3. Projected increases i
Page 113 and 114:
! Figure 3-1. NDVI based estimates
Page 115 and 116:
! Figure 3-3. Greenhouse gas emissi
Page 117 and 118:
! Figure 4-2. Potential savings by
Page 119 and 120:
! References ! Ambrosi, P. 2009. No
Page 121 and 122:
! Dregne, H. and M. Kassas. 1991. A
Page 123 and 124:
! Kruseman, G., Ruben, R. and G. Te
Page 125 and 126:
! Sustainable Land Management in th
Page 127:
! United States Government Accounta
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