The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate ... - CAADP

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! sequestration through the integrated use of several SLM practices and communities are likely to benefit more from possible carbon projects through integrated use of on-farm and off-farm SLM practices. In parallel to discussions to identify beneficial SLM practices, there is also some debate about potential harmful practices. One receiving significant attention is the agricultural intensification model of irrigation and high fertilizer use. Smith and Martino (2007) review findings that irrigation and nitrogen fertilizers contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, in South Asia, increased use of fertilizer is a main source of emissions from agriculture. Further, there is additional contribution to greenhouse gases during the production of fertilizers. However, Vlek et al. (2004) point out that in a landscape context, if the use of fertilizers can enable the removal of land from agriculture and possible reforestation on that land, then fertilizer use can have a clear positive effect on net carbon sequestration. But whether agricultural land could be reduced on a large scale in Africa following yield increases is debatable, given the limited extent of non-agricultural employment opportunities. Lastly, various land management practices can contribute to climate change mitigation through above ground carbon sequestration. The most important of these practices is the planting of woody vegetation in landscapes or on farms (agroforestry). In Africa, while tree cover has been shown to be decreasing in forests and woodlands (see above), tree planting or protection of naturally occurring trees by farmers has been shown to be increasing in many regions (Place and Otsuka 2002; Holmgren et al. 1994; Mortimore et al. 2001; Larwanou, Abdoulaye and Reij 2006). The ability of agroforestry to increase carbon depends ultimately on the type and density of trees and the length of time before they are harvested. At one extreme, multi-strata agroforests in humid zones (e.g. homegardens on Mt. Kilimanjaro) can store up to 40 tons of carbon per hectare – or roughly between 11 – 15 tons of tons of CO 2 equivalent per hectare per year (UNFCCC 2008). Those which are harvested more frequently or sparse woodlands in dryland areas (e.g. the parklands of the Sahel) will sequester much less over a similar period of time. In contrast, annual crop fields and pastures will often store below 10 tons of carbon per hectare (Palm et al. 1999). A much more detailed analysis of the adaptation and mitigation potential of specific land and livestock management practices can be found in Woodfine (2009). In addition to describing ! %(!
! the practices and qualitatively assessing their adoption and adaptation potential, that paper provides quantitative evidence (where available) for mitigation benefits and costs. In conclusion, sustainable land management presents the necessary integrated response for securing land and water quality in a changing climate. Managing land resources productively over the long-term requires (i) addressing environmental and socio-economic issues, incorporating climate and drought risk (ie., diversification of production and livelihoods can accommodate greater climate uncertainty and vulnerability), (ii) balancing trade-offs between different land uses within the landscape (ie., watershed planning), and (iii) greater uptake of locally appropriate and generally profitable productive practices (ie, intercropping, agroforestry, soil moisture management, terracing, low-till, etc.). ! %)!
Page 1 and 2: Land&Climate The Role of Sustainabl
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Climate
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures Figure 2-1. Number
Page 9 and 10: ICRISAT IGAD IPCC ISDR JI lCER LDCF
Page 11 and 12: ! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Coping with cli
Page 13 and 14: ! organic carbon. SLM represents a
Page 15 and 16: ! tenure insecurity in many African
Page 17 and 18: ! To achieve success in the first t
Page 19 and 20: ! degradation, soil and biomass car
Page 21 and 22: ! 2. The Challenge of Climate Varia
Page 23 and 24: ! production and food security for
Page 25 and 26: ! production in Africa and other re
Page 27 and 28: ! Ethiopia consider soil and water
Page 29 and 30: ! the region is degraded to such an
Page 31 and 32: ! In terms of affected area, UNEP (
Page 33 and 34: ! techniques, like bunding (e.g. Ke
Page 35 and 36: ! flooding in sloping lands and pro
Page 37 and 38: ! Reducing Emissions from Deforesta
Page 39 and 40: ! organic carbon. Principles of div
Page 41: ! A first major impact in Africa wo
Page 45 and 46: ! o Several adaptation funds have b
Page 47 and 48: ! feeding practices), improved fert
Page 49 and 50: ! billion for the CTF and $2.0 bill
Page 51 and 52: ! require social and environment be
Page 53 and 54: ! focus on financing CDM and/or JI
Page 55 and 56: ! nations have ratified (or adopted
Page 57 and 58: ! vulnerability assessment, develop
Page 59 and 60: ! The TerrAfrica partnership is pla
Page 61 and 62: ! o increased use of voluntary carb
Page 63 and 64: ! • increased integration of clim
Page 65 and 66: ! allowances and offsets are within
Page 67 and 68: ! greater financial resources than
Page 69 and 70: ! activities (these challenges are
Page 71 and 72: ! CER can be carried over to subseq
Page 73 and 74: ! However, the limited extent of su
Page 75 and 76: ! doubts about the verifiability an
Page 77 and 78: ! REDD payments also could have neg
Page 79 and 80: ! VCS, rather than trying to measur
Page 81 and 82: ! Applied research and knowledge ma
Page 83 and 84: ! important to address, so that the
Page 85 and 86: ! As shown earlier in this report,
Page 87 and 88: ! non-A/R projects (a lower thresho
Page 89 and 90: ! countries, including national pov
Page 91 and 92: ! and developing programs and proje
Page 93 and 94:
! • Land degradation increases th
Page 95 and 96:
! • Constraints to increased use
Page 97 and 98:
! and TerrAfrica process to develop
Page 99 and 100:
! Table 2-2. Projected mean tempera
Page 101 and 102:
! Table 2-5. Severe environmental c
Page 103 and 104:
! Table 3-2. Importance of Causes o
Page 105 and 106:
! Practice Adaptation aspects Mitig
Page 107 and 108:
! Table 4-1. Carbon markets, volume
Page 109 and 110:
! Table 4-3. Summary of Progress du
Page 111 and 112:
! Figure 2-3. Projected increases i
Page 113 and 114:
! Figure 3-1. NDVI based estimates
Page 115 and 116:
! Figure 3-3. Greenhouse gas emissi
Page 117 and 118:
! Figure 4-2. Potential savings by
Page 119 and 120:
! References ! Ambrosi, P. 2009. No
Page 121 and 122:
! Dregne, H. and M. Kassas. 1991. A
Page 123 and 124:
! Kruseman, G., Ruben, R. and G. Te
Page 125 and 126:
! Sustainable Land Management in th
Page 127:
! United States Government Accounta
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