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Pathways It is not known whether Tuta absoluta can complete its development on Capsicum. Laboratory studies on Physalis angulata L. (cutleaf groundcherry) indicate that development cannot be completed on this species (Fernandez and Montagne, 1990b). Cut greenery, being perishable, might not support full development of T. absoluta if present as eggs or young larvae since development requires on average 23.8 days from egg to adult at 27°C. Refer to Developmental Rates and Day Degrees on page 2-10 for further information. There is the risk for introduction, however, if infested cut flowers or greenery are used or discarded outdoors where other host material may be present. Import Destinations Tomato Refer to Table 8-5 on page 8-13 for a summary of tomatoes arriving for the years 2006 to 2009 in U.S. ports of entry from the following countries where Tuta absoluta is present: Chile, Colombia, Italy, Morocco, the Netherlands, and Spain. Some of the States where ports are located are major tomato-producers where abundant host material would be available for survival of Tuta absoluta. In addition, solanaceous weed hosts are naturalized throughout most of the United States. California is the leading producer of tomatoes, accounting for one-third of the fresh-market crop and 96 percent of processing tomatoes (ERS, 2009). Until 2008, Florida was the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes. In 2008, 572 tonnes of tomatoes from the Netherlands arrived at the Los Angeles, CA district ports, and 170 tonnes at the Miami, FL district ports. During the same year, 14 tonnes of tomatoes were shipped from Spain to the Los Angeles, CA district ports. While California and Florida are the top tomato-producing states, fresh-market tomatoes are produced in every State in the United States, with commercial-scale production reported in about 20 States (ERS, 2009). After Florida and California, Ohio, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York and South Carolina complete the list of top tomato growing states (NASS, 2009). 8-12 Tomato Leafminer 6/2011 Emergency and Domestic Programs
Pathways Table 8-5 Shipping Weight of Fresh or Chilled Tomatoes Arriving in the United States from Countries with Tuta absoluta 1 Country Port Tomatoes, Fresh or Chilled (tonnes) 2006 2007 2008 2009 Vessel Air Vessel Air Vessel Air Vessel Air Chile Chicago IL Los Angeles CA 6 Miami FL 15 New York City NY 2 Colombia New York City NY 9 9 Italy New York City NY 309 Morocco New York City NY 0.4 Netherlands Baltimore MD Boston MA 1,281 760 330 712 Buffalo NY Chicago IL 922 1,063 398 956 Cleveland OH Columbia-Snake WA 0.4 Dallas/Fort Worth TX 8 16 98 59 Detroit MI 40 16 143 Great Falls MT 2 Houston TX 71 63 Los Angeles CA 976 856 570 347 Miami FL 319 198 172 124 Minneapolis MN New York City NY 281 2,267 170 2,088 14 1,877 227 2,885 Philadelphia PA 2 San Francisco CA 121 21 8 Savannah GA 0.7 1 Seattle WA 8 15 5 Tampa FL 1 Washington DC 312 246 144 712 Boston MA 416 9 111 6/2011 Tomato Leafminer 8-13 Emergency and Domestic Programs
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United States Department of Agricul
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Contents 1 Tomato Leafminer Content
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Contents Traceback and Trace-Forwar
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Contents Introduction 1 Overview 1
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Figures 1 Tomato Leafminer Figure 2
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Tables 1 Tomato Leafminer Table 1-1
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Acknowledgements 2 Tomato Leafminer
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1 Introduction Tomato Leafminer 1 C
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Introduction Initiating an Emergenc
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Introduction The Introduction conta
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Introduction Boldfacing Boldfaced t
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Introduction Transmittal Number The
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2 Pest Tomato Leafminer Information
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Pest Information Povolny (1964) des
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Pest Information predictive pest ma
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Pest Information Hosts Hosts report
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Pest Information A recent report fr
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Pest Information The authors also r
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Pest Information When outside of th
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Pest Information Larvae of Tuta abs
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3 Identification Tomato Leafminer 1
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Identification Figure 3-1 Tuta abso
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Identification Figure 3-4 Tuta abso
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4 Survey Tomato Leafminer Procedure
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Survey Procedures Detection Survey
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Survey Procedures Targeted Survey C
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Survey Procedures 4. Record the ave
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Survey Procedures Figure 4-4 Tuta a
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Survey Procedures Rubber septa lure
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Survey Procedures Figure 4-9 Pan Tr
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Survey Procedures McPhail Traps McP
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Survey Procedures Guidelines for To
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Survey Procedures Table 4-4 High Ri
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Page 69 and 70: 5 Regulatory Tomato Leafminer Proce
Page 71 and 72: Regulatory Procedures Tribal Govern
Page 73 and 74: Regulatory Procedures Regulated Are
Page 75 and 76: 6 Control Tomato Leafminer Procedur
Page 77 and 78: Control Procedures Treatments can i
Page 79 and 80: Control Procedures In particular, v
Page 81 and 82: Control Procedures Managing Insecti
Page 83 and 84: Control Procedures Similar Species
Page 85 and 86: Control Procedures Table 6-3 Insect
Page 87 and 88: Control Procedures tomatoes, pepper
Page 89 and 90: Control Procedures control of tomat
Page 91 and 92: Control Procedures ◆ Crop rotatio
Page 93 and 94: Control Procedures Procedure— 1.
Page 95 and 96: Control Procedures combination of s
Page 97 and 98: Control Procedures Table 6-7 Biolog
Page 99 and 100: Control Procedures Environmental Do
Page 101 and 102: 7 Environmental Tomato Leafminer Co
Page 103 and 104: Environmental Compliance Environmen
Page 105 and 106: Environmental Compliance consider i
Page 107 and 108: 8 Pathways Tomato Leafminer 1 Conte
Page 109 and 110: Pathways Table 8-1 European and Med
Page 111 and 112: Pathways Table 8-2 Countries Consid
Page 113 and 114: Pathways Table 8-3 Import Requireme
Page 115 and 116: Pathways Table 8-4 Import Statistic
Page 117: Pathways Perú, Poland, Portugal (i
Page 121 and 122: Pathways sicum esculentum), potato
Page 123 and 124: Pathways Natural Spread Adults of T
Page 125 and 126: Pathways Finally, end-consumers mig
Page 127 and 128: References 2 Tomato Leafminer 7 CFR
Page 129 and 130: References Brambila, J., S. Lee, an
Page 131 and 132: References EPA. 2006. Reregistratio
Page 133 and 134: References EPPO. 2009r. New data on
Page 135 and 136: References Faria, C. A., J. B. Torr
Page 137 and 138: References IRAC. 2007. Tomato leafw
Page 139 and 140: References Mallia, D. 2009. Guideli
Page 141 and 142: References Picanço, M. C. 2006. IR
Page 143 and 144: References Russell IPM Ltd. 2009b.
Page 145 and 146: References Uchoa-Fernandes, M. A.,
Page 147 and 148: A Forms Tomato Leafminer 1 Contents
Page 149 and 150: Forms OMB Information According to
Page 151 and 152: Forms Table A-1 Instructions for Co
Page 153 and 154: Forms PPQ 523 Emergency Action Noti
Page 155 and 156: Forms Table A-2 Instructions for Co
Page 157 and 158: B Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
Page 159 and 160: C Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
Page 161 and 162: D Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
Page 163 and 164: E Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
Page 165 and 166: F How to Submit Insect Specimens 1
Page 167 and 168: How to Submit Insect Specimens Dry
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G Taxonomic Tomato Leafminer Suppor
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Other
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Lab:
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Data
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Tomato Leafminer Index 1 A acknowle
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smuggling of infested commodities 8
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