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Pathways absoluta (Sixsmith, 2010). As observed in Europe, once T. absoluta is introduced into greenhouse production or produce packing stations, it can become established in regions otherwise considered too cold for survival. Human-Assisted Spread Human-assisted spread of Tuta absoluta can be helped in a number of ways. Simply failing to secure greenhouses, produce packing sites, or tomato processing plants, with insect screening or double-entry doors can assist in the spread of the moth. In addition, eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult moths, can be introduced to these environments on clothing or contaminated pots, carts, or greenhouse tools. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly inspect and clean these items before entering enclosed tomato production areas, produce packing areas, or tomato processing plants. Refer to Cultural Control on page 6-3 for additional information. If already present in tomato production sites, human-assisted spread of Tuta absoluta to packing centers, processing plants, or wholesale vegetable markets can occur through the movement of infested tomato fruit. Furthermore, tomato containers used for shipping and the shipping vehicles themselves are pathways for spread. As described in Cultural Control on page 6-3, it is important that crates and vehicles be inspected and cleaned before shipping tomatoes to other sites. Infested packing and shipping containers have been the biggest problem facing growers in the UK. This problem can be mitigated by using non-returnable tomato packing boxes and by assembling and storing new (clean) boxes in areas away from infested crates (Sixsmith, 2010). If Tuta absoluta were introduced into the plants-for-planting pathway in the United States, dispersal could be rapid since millions of tomato transplants are produced and shipped around the country each year. For example, the Florida containerized vegetable transplant industry produced 519 million tomato transplants in 1990 (Vavrina and Summerhill, 1992). These transplants were distributed to 34 States and 2 countries. Eggplant transplants can also serve as a pathway. For example, in Italy (Campania), T. absoluta was found on tomato and eggplant seedlings in March of 2009 (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Ailmentari e Forestali, 2009). Movement of Tuta absoluta on ornamental Solanaceae in the nursery trade is also possible since plants belonging to the genera Capsicum, Datura, Nicotiana, and Solanum are sold as ornamentals. Examples of these are: Capsicum annuum (ornamental pepper), Datura inoxia (syn.: Datura metel) (angel’s trumpet), Nicotiana alata (flowering tobacco), and Solanum pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry). 8-18 Tomato Leafminer 6/2011 Emergency and Domestic Programs
Pathways Finally, end-consumers might also serve as a pathway for the spread of Tuta absoluta, although we have no data on how many consumers discard fruits or vegetables outdoors (in compost bins or piles). Higher risk areas from which Tuta absoluta can spread were summarized in Table 4-4 on page 4-19. The list has been modified to include all host plants of T. absoluta. 6/2011 Tomato Leafminer 8-19 Emergency and Domestic Programs
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United States Department of Agricul
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Contents 1 Tomato Leafminer Content
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Contents Traceback and Trace-Forwar
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Contents Introduction 1 Overview 1
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Figures 1 Tomato Leafminer Figure 2
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Tables 1 Tomato Leafminer Table 1-1
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Acknowledgements 2 Tomato Leafminer
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1 Introduction Tomato Leafminer 1 C
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Introduction Initiating an Emergenc
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Introduction The Introduction conta
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Introduction Boldfacing Boldfaced t
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Introduction Transmittal Number The
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2 Pest Tomato Leafminer Information
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Pest Information Povolny (1964) des
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Pest Information predictive pest ma
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Pest Information Hosts Hosts report
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Pest Information A recent report fr
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Pest Information The authors also r
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Pest Information When outside of th
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Pest Information Larvae of Tuta abs
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3 Identification Tomato Leafminer 1
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Identification Figure 3-1 Tuta abso
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Identification Figure 3-4 Tuta abso
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4 Survey Tomato Leafminer Procedure
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Survey Procedures Detection Survey
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Survey Procedures Targeted Survey C
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Survey Procedures 4. Record the ave
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Survey Procedures Figure 4-4 Tuta a
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Survey Procedures Rubber septa lure
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Survey Procedures Figure 4-9 Pan Tr
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Survey Procedures McPhail Traps McP
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Survey Procedures Guidelines for To
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Survey Procedures Table 4-4 High Ri
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Survey Procedures Data Collection R
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5 Regulatory Tomato Leafminer Proce
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Regulatory Procedures Tribal Govern
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Page 77 and 78: Control Procedures Treatments can i
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Page 81 and 82: Control Procedures Managing Insecti
Page 83 and 84: Control Procedures Similar Species
Page 85 and 86: Control Procedures Table 6-3 Insect
Page 87 and 88: Control Procedures tomatoes, pepper
Page 89 and 90: Control Procedures control of tomat
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Page 105 and 106: Environmental Compliance consider i
Page 107 and 108: 8 Pathways Tomato Leafminer 1 Conte
Page 109 and 110: Pathways Table 8-1 European and Med
Page 111 and 112: Pathways Table 8-2 Countries Consid
Page 113 and 114: Pathways Table 8-3 Import Requireme
Page 115 and 116: Pathways Table 8-4 Import Statistic
Page 117 and 118: Pathways Perú, Poland, Portugal (i
Page 119 and 120: Pathways Table 8-5 Shipping Weight
Page 121 and 122: Pathways sicum esculentum), potato
Page 123: Pathways Natural Spread Adults of T
Page 127 and 128: References 2 Tomato Leafminer 7 CFR
Page 129 and 130: References Brambila, J., S. Lee, an
Page 131 and 132: References EPA. 2006. Reregistratio
Page 133 and 134: References EPPO. 2009r. New data on
Page 135 and 136: References Faria, C. A., J. B. Torr
Page 137 and 138: References IRAC. 2007. Tomato leafw
Page 139 and 140: References Mallia, D. 2009. Guideli
Page 141 and 142: References Picanço, M. C. 2006. IR
Page 143 and 144: References Russell IPM Ltd. 2009b.
Page 145 and 146: References Uchoa-Fernandes, M. A.,
Page 147 and 148: A Forms Tomato Leafminer 1 Contents
Page 149 and 150: Forms OMB Information According to
Page 151 and 152: Forms Table A-1 Instructions for Co
Page 153 and 154: Forms PPQ 523 Emergency Action Noti
Page 155 and 156: Forms Table A-2 Instructions for Co
Page 157 and 158: B Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
Page 159 and 160: C Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
Page 161 and 162: D Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
Page 163 and 164: E Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
Page 165 and 166: F How to Submit Insect Specimens 1
Page 167 and 168: How to Submit Insect Specimens Dry
Page 169 and 170: G Taxonomic Tomato Leafminer Suppor
Page 171 and 172: Taxonomic Support for Surveys Other
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Data
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Tomato Leafminer Index 1 A acknowle
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smuggling of infested commodities 8
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