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Control Procedures Refer to Table 6-1 on page 6-8 for a list of the MOA groups of the insecticides that are used to control Tuta absoluta. Table 6-1 Mode of Action Groups for Managing Insecticide Resistance in Tuta absoluta 1 MOA Group Unknown 1 IRAC, 2009b. Description 1 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors 2 GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists 3 Sodium channel modulators 4 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists 5 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric activators 6 Chloride channel activators 7 Juvenile hormone mimics 11 Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes 13 Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient 14 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers 15 Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0 18 Ecdysone receptor agonists 21 Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors 22 Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers 28 Ryanodine receptor modulators Unknown or act on multiple targets 6-8 Tomato Leafminer 6/2011 Emergency and Domestic Programs
Control Procedures Similar Species The tomato pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicella) occupies the ecological niche of Tuta absoluta in U.S. tomatoes. The pesticides that are used to control tomato pinworm may also be effective against T. absoluta. Refer to Table 6-2 on page 6-9. Table 6-2 Insecticides Registered in Florida to Control Keiferia lycopersicella on Tomato 1 MOA Group 2 1 Olson et al., 2009. 2 IRAC, 2009c. Common Name Class 1A methomyl, carbaryl carbamate 1B methamidophos organophosphate 3A beta-cyfluthrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, lambda- pyrethroid cyhalothrin, zeta-cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, permethrin 4A thiamethoxam neonicotinoid 5 spinosad, spinetoram spinosyn 6 abamectin, emamectin benzoate avermectin 11 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki microbial 22A indoxacarb oxadazine 28 chlorantraniliprole diamide Uncertain azadirachtin azadirachtin Insecticides Historically, Tuta absoluta has been controlled with chemicals. Organophosphates and pyrethroids were used during the 1970’s and 1980’s until new products introduced in the 1990’s (such as abamectin, spinosad, tebufonzide, and chlorfenpyr) became available (Lietti et al., 2005). At least 12 classes of insecticides control Tuta absoluta (IRAC, 2009a, 2009b). Control failures with organophosphates and pyrethroids in South America (Salazar and Araya, 2001) prompted research on the resistance status of Tuta absoluta (Lietti et al., 2005; Siqueira et al., 2000a, 2000b); however, newer classes of insecticides are providing good control of this pest (IRAC, 2009a). This section describes pesticides used in current outbreaks and also mentions 6/2011 Tomato Leafminer 6-9 Emergency and Domestic Programs
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United States Department of Agricul
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Contents 1 Tomato Leafminer Content
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Contents Traceback and Trace-Forwar
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Contents Introduction 1 Overview 1
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Figures 1 Tomato Leafminer Figure 2
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Tables 1 Tomato Leafminer Table 1-1
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Acknowledgements 2 Tomato Leafminer
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1 Introduction Tomato Leafminer 1 C
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Introduction Initiating an Emergenc
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Introduction The Introduction conta
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Introduction Boldfacing Boldfaced t
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Introduction Transmittal Number The
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2 Pest Tomato Leafminer Information
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Pest Information Povolny (1964) des
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Pest Information predictive pest ma
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Page 37 and 38: Pest Information When outside of th
Page 39 and 40: Pest Information Larvae of Tuta abs
Page 41 and 42: 3 Identification Tomato Leafminer 1
Page 43 and 44: Identification Figure 3-1 Tuta abso
Page 45 and 46: Identification Figure 3-4 Tuta abso
Page 47 and 48: 4 Survey Tomato Leafminer Procedure
Page 49 and 50: Survey Procedures Detection Survey
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Page 55 and 56: Survey Procedures Figure 4-4 Tuta a
Page 57 and 58: Survey Procedures Rubber septa lure
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Page 61 and 62: Survey Procedures McPhail Traps McP
Page 63 and 64: Survey Procedures Guidelines for To
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Page 67 and 68: Survey Procedures Data Collection R
Page 69 and 70: 5 Regulatory Tomato Leafminer Proce
Page 71 and 72: Regulatory Procedures Tribal Govern
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Page 75 and 76: 6 Control Tomato Leafminer Procedur
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Page 87 and 88: Control Procedures tomatoes, pepper
Page 89 and 90: Control Procedures control of tomat
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Page 107 and 108: 8 Pathways Tomato Leafminer 1 Conte
Page 109 and 110: Pathways Table 8-1 European and Med
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Page 113 and 114: Pathways Table 8-3 Import Requireme
Page 115 and 116: Pathways Table 8-4 Import Statistic
Page 117 and 118: Pathways Perú, Poland, Portugal (i
Page 119 and 120: Pathways Table 8-5 Shipping Weight
Page 121 and 122: Pathways sicum esculentum), potato
Page 123 and 124: Pathways Natural Spread Adults of T
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Page 127 and 128: References 2 Tomato Leafminer 7 CFR
Page 129 and 130: References Brambila, J., S. Lee, an
Page 131 and 132: References EPA. 2006. Reregistratio
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References EPPO. 2009r. New data on
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References Faria, C. A., J. B. Torr
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References IRAC. 2007. Tomato leafw
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References Mallia, D. 2009. Guideli
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References Picanço, M. C. 2006. IR
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References Russell IPM Ltd. 2009b.
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References Uchoa-Fernandes, M. A.,
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A Forms Tomato Leafminer 1 Contents
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Forms OMB Information According to
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Forms Table A-1 Instructions for Co
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Forms PPQ 523 Emergency Action Noti
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Forms Table A-2 Instructions for Co
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B Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
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C Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
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D Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
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E Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
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F How to Submit Insect Specimens 1
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How to Submit Insect Specimens Dry
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G Taxonomic Tomato Leafminer Suppor
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Other
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Lab:
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Data
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Tomato Leafminer Index 1 A acknowle
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smuggling of infested commodities 8
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