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Control Procedures Table 6-5 Summary of Gamma Irradiation Effects on Tuta absoluta 1 Stage Dose (Gy) Outcome Eggs 100 Lethal Larvae 200 Incomplete development Pupae 200 Sterile adults Pupae 300 Adult emergence prevented Adults, male 200 Sterility Adults, female 150 Sterility 1 Conditions: Cobalt-60 Gammacell- 220 irradiator at a dose rate of 1.11 kGy per hour (Aurthur, 2002; Arthur and Groppo, 2007). Integrated Pest Management Integrated pest management (IPM) programs are being developed in several countries to manage infestations of Tuta absoluta. Most IPM programs include the monitoring of pest populations, effective methods of prevention and control, and the use of pesticides when needed. Biological control is also implemented if available. In Spain, IPM for Tuta absoluta includes the following management tools (Robredo-Junco and Cardeñoso-Herrero, 2008): ◆ Mass-trapping of adults prior to planting ◆ Clearing of crop residues from planting soil ◆ Application of imidacloprid in irrigation water 8 to10 days after planting ◆ Application of spinosad or indoxacarb when T. absoluta is detected ◆ Elimination of crop residues immediately after the last fruits have been harvested (Robredo-Junco and Cardeñoso-Herrero, 2008) In Argentina, IPM for Tuta absoluta in greenhouse tomatoes has been tested at INTA (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) over the last 10 years with positive results (Botto, 1999; 2011). The strategy includes the following: ◆ Monitoring for early detection of adults using pheromone traps and visual inspection of plants, primarily for eggs ◆ Inundative releases of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae, initiated when the first adults are trapped and/or the first eggs are observed ◆ Use of Bacillus thuringiensis in conjunction with (or after) release of egg parasitoids to control larvae ◆ Compatible pesticides based on safe pesticide usage if necessary 6-16 Tomato Leafminer 6/2011 Emergency and Domestic Programs
Control Procedures ◆ Crop rotation with non-host plants ◆ Cultural control practices in the greenhouse and surrounding environment (Botto, 1999; 2011) Population Monitoring Pheromone-Baited Traps Use traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone for monitoring populations of Tuta absoluta in open fields, greenhouses, and packing sites. Sex pheromone-baited traps will capture only adult males. The sex pheromone of T. absoluta has been isolated and identified. The main compounds are (3E, 8Z, 11Z)-3,8,11-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate and (3E, 8Z)-3,8-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate in the proportions of 90:10, respectively (Svatos et al., 1996). Pheromone lures, traps, and how to use them, were described in the following sections in Chapter 4, Survey Procedures: Pheromone Lures on page 4-10, Pan Traps on page 4-11, Delta Traps on page 4-13, McPhail Traps on page 4-15, and Bucket Traps on page 4-15. Consult with the EDP National Survey Supply Coordinator to find companies that manufacture and market lures, traps, and complete monitoring systems for Tuta absoluta. Refer to Table 6-6 on page 6-18 for a summary of the estimated level of risk from infestations of Tuta absoluta based on male moth captures according to French guidelines (FREDON-Corse, 2009a). Spraying with azadiractin and Bacillus thuringiensis, and if necessary indoxacarb, has been suggested for moderate risk (3 to 30 adults per week). Spraying with indoxacarb (young plants) or spinosad (adult plants and in case of a rapid increase of the population) has been suggested for high risk (30+ adults per week) of infestation (van Deventer, 2009). 6/2011 Tomato Leafminer 6-17 Emergency and Domestic Programs
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United States Department of Agricul
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Contents 1 Tomato Leafminer Content
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Contents Traceback and Trace-Forwar
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Contents Introduction 1 Overview 1
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Figures 1 Tomato Leafminer Figure 2
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Tables 1 Tomato Leafminer Table 1-1
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Acknowledgements 2 Tomato Leafminer
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1 Introduction Tomato Leafminer 1 C
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Introduction Initiating an Emergenc
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Introduction The Introduction conta
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Introduction Boldfacing Boldfaced t
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Introduction Transmittal Number The
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2 Pest Tomato Leafminer Information
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Pest Information Povolny (1964) des
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Pest Information predictive pest ma
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Pest Information Hosts Hosts report
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Pest Information A recent report fr
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Pest Information The authors also r
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Pest Information When outside of th
Page 39 and 40: Pest Information Larvae of Tuta abs
Page 41 and 42: 3 Identification Tomato Leafminer 1
Page 43 and 44: Identification Figure 3-1 Tuta abso
Page 45 and 46: Identification Figure 3-4 Tuta abso
Page 47 and 48: 4 Survey Tomato Leafminer Procedure
Page 49 and 50: Survey Procedures Detection Survey
Page 51 and 52: Survey Procedures Targeted Survey C
Page 53 and 54: Survey Procedures 4. Record the ave
Page 55 and 56: Survey Procedures Figure 4-4 Tuta a
Page 57 and 58: Survey Procedures Rubber septa lure
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Page 61 and 62: Survey Procedures McPhail Traps McP
Page 63 and 64: Survey Procedures Guidelines for To
Page 65 and 66: Survey Procedures Table 4-4 High Ri
Page 67 and 68: Survey Procedures Data Collection R
Page 69 and 70: 5 Regulatory Tomato Leafminer Proce
Page 71 and 72: Regulatory Procedures Tribal Govern
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Page 75 and 76: 6 Control Tomato Leafminer Procedur
Page 77 and 78: Control Procedures Treatments can i
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Page 81 and 82: Control Procedures Managing Insecti
Page 83 and 84: Control Procedures Similar Species
Page 85 and 86: Control Procedures Table 6-3 Insect
Page 87 and 88: Control Procedures tomatoes, pepper
Page 89: Control Procedures control of tomat
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Page 95 and 96: Control Procedures combination of s
Page 97 and 98: Control Procedures Table 6-7 Biolog
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Page 107 and 108: 8 Pathways Tomato Leafminer 1 Conte
Page 109 and 110: Pathways Table 8-1 European and Med
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Page 113 and 114: Pathways Table 8-3 Import Requireme
Page 115 and 116: Pathways Table 8-4 Import Statistic
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Page 119 and 120: Pathways Table 8-5 Shipping Weight
Page 121 and 122: Pathways sicum esculentum), potato
Page 123 and 124: Pathways Natural Spread Adults of T
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Page 127 and 128: References 2 Tomato Leafminer 7 CFR
Page 129 and 130: References Brambila, J., S. Lee, an
Page 131 and 132: References EPA. 2006. Reregistratio
Page 133 and 134: References EPPO. 2009r. New data on
Page 135 and 136: References Faria, C. A., J. B. Torr
Page 137 and 138: References IRAC. 2007. Tomato leafw
Page 139 and 140: References Mallia, D. 2009. Guideli
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References Picanço, M. C. 2006. IR
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References Russell IPM Ltd. 2009b.
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References Uchoa-Fernandes, M. A.,
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A Forms Tomato Leafminer 1 Contents
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Forms OMB Information According to
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Forms Table A-1 Instructions for Co
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Forms PPQ 523 Emergency Action Noti
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Forms Table A-2 Instructions for Co
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B Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
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C Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
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D Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
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E Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
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F How to Submit Insect Specimens 1
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How to Submit Insect Specimens Dry
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G Taxonomic Tomato Leafminer Suppor
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Other
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Lab:
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Data
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Tomato Leafminer Index 1 A acknowle
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smuggling of infested commodities 8
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