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Control Procedures percent in late tomato crops (Sanchez et al., 2009). In Argentina, researchers have tested inoculative releases of P. dignus in greenhouses before T. absoluta reaches high population levels (Botto, 2011). Colomo and Berta (2006) report collecting a few specimens of a solitary tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae: Goniinae: Exoristini) larval endoparasitoid from mature (last instar) Tuta absoluta larvae on tomato plants in the vicinity of Lules in Tucumán, Argentina in 2003. They claimed that no Tachinidae have ever been reported as parasitizing gelechiid species and that this tachinid is most probably a generalist parasitoid. Predators The damsel bug Nabis pseudoferus is an effective egg and larval predator of Tuta absoluta in Spanish greenhouses (Cabello et al., 2009b). In two semi-field studies, first stage nymphs of N. pseudoferus released onto tomato plants (8 to 12 per plant) killed T. absoluta eggs, reducing the number of eggs by 92 percent and 96 percent. In addition, adults and last instar nymphs of N. pseudoferus were also observed preying on larvae of T. absoluta, even when these were inside the mines (Cabello et al., 2009b). Nabis pseudoferus is widely distributed in Europe and is commercially available. The recommended dose for outbreaks is 10 to 15 individuals/m 2 . The mirids Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis are endemic to Spain and feed on eggs and larvae of Tuta absoluta. In one study, adult M. pygmaeus and N. tenuis consumed 30+ eggs and 2 T. absoluta larvae daily (Urbaneja et al., 2009). Although both species were observed feeding on all life stages of T. absoluta, they preferred first-instar larvae. Macrolophus pygmaeus and N. tenuis are available commercially. However, according to a report from the United Kingdom, Nesidiocoris tenuis is problematic because it can attack host plants when prey are in short supply. Plant feeding causes brown rings in the vascular tissue and destruction of the plant’s growing points (Sanchez et al., 2008; Sixsmith, 2009). An additional mirid, Tupiocoris cucurbitaceus, has been recently evaluated as a potential biological control agent against Tuta absoluta and whiteflies in Argentina (López, 2010). 6-22 Tomato Leafminer 6/2011 Emergency and Domestic Programs
Control Procedures Table 6-7 Biological Control Agents Against Tuta absoluta 1 Action Taxon Species Egg parasitoid Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja,T. fasciatum (Perkins), T. pretiosum Riley, T. rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, T. nerudai Pintureau & Gerding Larval parasitoid Hymenoptera: Bethylidae Parasierola nigrifemur (Ashmead) Hymenoptera: Braconidae Agathis sp., Apanteles gelechiidivoris Marsh, Apanteles sp., Bracon lucileae Marsh, Bracon sp., Pseudapanteles dignus (Muesenback), Earinus sp., Origilus sp. Hymenoptera: Eulophidae Dineulophus phtorimaeae De Santis, Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), Cirrospilus sp., Horismenus sp. Hymenoptera: Temelucha sp., Diadegma sp. Ichneumonidae Egg-larval parasitoid Hymenoptera: Braconidae Chelones sp. Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae Copidosoma sp. Larval-pupal parasitoid Hymenoptera: Campoplex haywardi Blanchard Ichneumonidae Pupal parasitoid Hymenoptera: Chalcididae Conura sp. Predator Hemiptera: Miridae Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur, Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter, Tupiocoris cucurbitaceus Spinola Hemiptera: Nabidae Nabis pseudoferus ibericus Remane Hemiptera:Pentatomidae Podisus nigrispininus (Dallas) Larval bacterial Bacillus thuringiensis Larval fungal Beauveria bassiana Egg fungal Clavicipitaceae Metarhizium anisopliae 1 Botto, 1999; Botto et al., 2009; Cabello et al., 2009a; 2009b; Ceriani, 1995; Lopez, 2010; Luna et al., 2007; Polack, 2007. Microorganisms Bacillus thuringiensis has been recommended for control of Tuta absoluta. More recently, the muscadine fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin has been studied for control of T. absoluta (Pires et al., 2009). Adult females infected with the fungus did not reduce their oviposition or fecundity; however, infection with M. anisopliae resulted in 37 percent female mortality. Eggs exposed to M. anisopliae were all infected after 72 hours. 6/2011 Tomato Leafminer 6-23 Emergency and Domestic Programs
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United States Department of Agricul
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Contents 1 Tomato Leafminer Content
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Contents Traceback and Trace-Forwar
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Contents Introduction 1 Overview 1
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Figures 1 Tomato Leafminer Figure 2
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Tables 1 Tomato Leafminer Table 1-1
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Acknowledgements 2 Tomato Leafminer
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1 Introduction Tomato Leafminer 1 C
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Introduction Initiating an Emergenc
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Introduction The Introduction conta
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Introduction Boldfacing Boldfaced t
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Introduction Transmittal Number The
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2 Pest Tomato Leafminer Information
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Pest Information Povolny (1964) des
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Pest Information predictive pest ma
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Pest Information Hosts Hosts report
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Pest Information A recent report fr
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Pest Information The authors also r
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Pest Information When outside of th
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Pest Information Larvae of Tuta abs
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3 Identification Tomato Leafminer 1
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Identification Figure 3-1 Tuta abso
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Page 49 and 50: Survey Procedures Detection Survey
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Page 53 and 54: Survey Procedures 4. Record the ave
Page 55 and 56: Survey Procedures Figure 4-4 Tuta a
Page 57 and 58: Survey Procedures Rubber septa lure
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Page 61 and 62: Survey Procedures McPhail Traps McP
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Page 67 and 68: Survey Procedures Data Collection R
Page 69 and 70: 5 Regulatory Tomato Leafminer Proce
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Page 75 and 76: 6 Control Tomato Leafminer Procedur
Page 77 and 78: Control Procedures Treatments can i
Page 79 and 80: Control Procedures In particular, v
Page 81 and 82: Control Procedures Managing Insecti
Page 83 and 84: Control Procedures Similar Species
Page 85 and 86: Control Procedures Table 6-3 Insect
Page 87 and 88: Control Procedures tomatoes, pepper
Page 89 and 90: Control Procedures control of tomat
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Page 107 and 108: 8 Pathways Tomato Leafminer 1 Conte
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Page 115 and 116: Pathways Table 8-4 Import Statistic
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Page 119 and 120: Pathways Table 8-5 Shipping Weight
Page 121 and 122: Pathways sicum esculentum), potato
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Page 127 and 128: References 2 Tomato Leafminer 7 CFR
Page 129 and 130: References Brambila, J., S. Lee, an
Page 131 and 132: References EPA. 2006. Reregistratio
Page 133 and 134: References EPPO. 2009r. New data on
Page 135 and 136: References Faria, C. A., J. B. Torr
Page 137 and 138: References IRAC. 2007. Tomato leafw
Page 139 and 140: References Mallia, D. 2009. Guideli
Page 141 and 142: References Picanço, M. C. 2006. IR
Page 143 and 144: References Russell IPM Ltd. 2009b.
Page 145 and 146: References Uchoa-Fernandes, M. A.,
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A Forms Tomato Leafminer 1 Contents
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Forms OMB Information According to
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Forms Table A-1 Instructions for Co
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Forms PPQ 523 Emergency Action Noti
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Forms Table A-2 Instructions for Co
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B Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
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C Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
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D Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
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E Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
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F How to Submit Insect Specimens 1
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How to Submit Insect Specimens Dry
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G Taxonomic Tomato Leafminer Suppor
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Other
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Lab:
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Data
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Tomato Leafminer Index 1 A acknowle
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smuggling of infested commodities 8
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