1 - Phytosanitary Resources

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Pest Information Table 2-3 Hosts in the Families Solanaceae and Fabaceae Reported for Tuta absoluta Host Common Name Source Capsicum annuum L. pepper Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, (2009) Datura quercifolia Kunth syn: Datura ferox Kunth long-spined thorn apple EPPO (2005) Datura stramonium L. jimson weed, devil’s Vargas (1970) trumpet Lycopersicum puberulum Ph. Vargas (1970) Nicotiana tabacum L. tobacco Galarza (1984), Fernandez & Montagne (1990b) Physalis angulata L. Fernandez & Montagne (1990b) Physalis peruviana L. Cape gooseberry Garzia (2009b) Solanum americanum Miller American nightshade Fernandez & Montagne (1990b) Solanum bonariense L. Galarza (1984) Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Galarza (1984) Solanum gracilius Herter Galarza (1984) Solanum hirtum Vahl Fernandez & Montagne (1990b) Solanum lycopersicum L. (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) 1 tomato Vargas (1970), Fernandez & Montagne (1990b) Solanum melongena L. 2 eggplant Galarza (1984), Fernandez & Montagne (1990b), Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali (2009), Viggiani et al. (2009) Solanum muricatum Aiton sweet cucumber, pepino FERA, 2009b Solanum nigrum L. black nightshade Vargas (1970) Solanum pseudo-capsicum L. Jerusalem cherry Galarza (1984) Solanum tuberosum L. 3 potato Pastrana (1967), Vargas (1970), Galarza (1984), Fernandez & Montagne (1990b), FREDON-Corse (2009b), Maiche (2009) Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamb. sticky nightshade, litchi tomato Galarza (1984) Phaseolus vulgaris L. 4 common bean EPPO (2009i), Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali (2009) 1 Leaves, shoots, stems, flowers and fruit 2 Leaves and stems; fruit not specified. 3 Leaves and tubers. 4 Represents shift in host plant family from Solanaceae to Fabaceae. 2-8 Tomato Leafminer 6/2011 Emergency and Domestic Programs
Pest Information A recent report from France (FREDON-Corse, 2009b) contains photographs of Tuta absoluta damage to potato tubers. Viggiani et al. (2009) reported that in Italy the tomato leafminer causes direct and indirect damage to the production of tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper, although it does not specify if the damage includes damage to fruit. Life Cycle Tuta absoluta is a holometabolous insect with a high rate of reproduction. It may be able to complete 12 generations per year depending on environmental conditions (EPPO, 2005). In the laboratory (at a constant temperature of 25°C and 75 percent R.H.), Tuta absoluta completes a generation in 28.7 days (Vargas, 1970). Given the field conditions in the Arica Valley in Chile, Tuta absoluta could complete seven to eight generations per year at that location (Vargas, 1970). Since this pest can infest hosts grown in protected situations (such as greenhouses) its rapid reproductive rate should be kept in mind. The species can overwinter in the egg, pupal, or adult stage (EPPO, 2005). No information is available on whether this species is capable of diapause. Adults The sex ratio in field-collected populations in Venezuela was 1 male to 1.33 females (Fernandez and Montagne, 1990a). Adult males live longer than females. In the laboratory, mated males lived 26.47±7.89 days while virgin males lived 36.17±6.55 days. Mated females lived 23.24±5.89 days while virgin females lived 27.81±10.78 days (Fernandez and Montagne, 1990a). Both genders mate multiple times. The first mating usually occurs the day after adults emerge. Mating occurs at dawn (Vargas, 1970). Studies in Chile revealed that the greatest number of males were captured in pheromone traps during the period 7 to 11 a.m., suggesting that this is the time when males are searching for calling females (Miranda-Ibarra, 1999). The average preoviposition period for females was 2.4±0.61 days (Fernandez and Montagne, 1990a). Female fecundity can range between 60 to 120 eggs (Torres et al., 2001) but each female can lay up to 260 eggs in a lifetime (CABI, 2011). Oviposition studies in laboratories showed that females can lay eggs for more than 20 days; however, 72.3 percent of the eggs were deposited during the first 5 days and 90 percent in the first 10 days (Fernandez and Montagne, 1990a). 6/2011 Tomato Leafminer 2-9 Emergency and Domestic Programs
Page 1 and 2: United States Department of Agricul
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1 Tomato Leafminer Content
Page 5 and 6: Contents Traceback and Trace-Forwar
Page 7 and 8: Contents Introduction 1 Overview 1
Page 9 and 10: Figures 1 Tomato Leafminer Figure 2
Page 11 and 12: Tables 1 Tomato Leafminer Table 1-1
Page 13 and 14: Acknowledgements 2 Tomato Leafminer
Page 15 and 16: 1 Introduction Tomato Leafminer 1 C
Page 17 and 18: Introduction Initiating an Emergenc
Page 19 and 20: Introduction The Introduction conta
Page 21 and 22: Introduction Boldfacing Boldfaced t
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Transmittal Number The
Page 25 and 26: 2 Pest Tomato Leafminer Information
Page 27 and 28: Pest Information Povolny (1964) des
Page 29 and 30: Pest Information predictive pest ma
Page 31: Pest Information Hosts Hosts report
Page 35 and 36: Pest Information The authors also r
Page 37 and 38: Pest Information When outside of th
Page 39 and 40: Pest Information Larvae of Tuta abs
Page 41 and 42: 3 Identification Tomato Leafminer 1
Page 43 and 44: Identification Figure 3-1 Tuta abso
Page 45 and 46: Identification Figure 3-4 Tuta abso
Page 47 and 48: 4 Survey Tomato Leafminer Procedure
Page 49 and 50: Survey Procedures Detection Survey
Page 51 and 52: Survey Procedures Targeted Survey C
Page 53 and 54: Survey Procedures 4. Record the ave
Page 55 and 56: Survey Procedures Figure 4-4 Tuta a
Page 57 and 58: Survey Procedures Rubber septa lure
Page 59 and 60: Survey Procedures Figure 4-9 Pan Tr
Page 61 and 62: Survey Procedures McPhail Traps McP
Page 63 and 64: Survey Procedures Guidelines for To
Page 65 and 66: Survey Procedures Table 4-4 High Ri
Page 67 and 68: Survey Procedures Data Collection R
Page 69 and 70: 5 Regulatory Tomato Leafminer Proce
Page 71 and 72: Regulatory Procedures Tribal Govern
Page 73 and 74: Regulatory Procedures Regulated Are
Page 75 and 76: 6 Control Tomato Leafminer Procedur
Page 77 and 78: Control Procedures Treatments can i
Page 79 and 80: Control Procedures In particular, v
Page 81 and 82: Control Procedures Managing Insecti
Page 83 and 84:
Control Procedures Similar Species
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Control Procedures Table 6-3 Insect
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Control Procedures tomatoes, pepper
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Control Procedures control of tomat
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Control Procedures ◆ Crop rotatio
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Control Procedures Procedure— 1.
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Control Procedures combination of s
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Control Procedures Table 6-7 Biolog
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Control Procedures Environmental Do
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7 Environmental Tomato Leafminer Co
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Environmental Compliance Environmen
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Environmental Compliance consider i
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8 Pathways Tomato Leafminer 1 Conte
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Pathways Table 8-1 European and Med
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Pathways Table 8-2 Countries Consid
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Pathways Table 8-3 Import Requireme
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Pathways Table 8-4 Import Statistic
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Pathways Perú, Poland, Portugal (i
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Pathways Table 8-5 Shipping Weight
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Pathways sicum esculentum), potato
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Pathways Natural Spread Adults of T
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Pathways Finally, end-consumers mig
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References 2 Tomato Leafminer 7 CFR
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References Brambila, J., S. Lee, an
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References EPA. 2006. Reregistratio
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References EPPO. 2009r. New data on
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References Faria, C. A., J. B. Torr
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References IRAC. 2007. Tomato leafw
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References Mallia, D. 2009. Guideli
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References Picanço, M. C. 2006. IR
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References Russell IPM Ltd. 2009b.
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References Uchoa-Fernandes, M. A.,
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A Forms Tomato Leafminer 1 Contents
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Forms OMB Information According to
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Forms Table A-1 Instructions for Co
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Forms PPQ 523 Emergency Action Noti
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Forms Table A-2 Instructions for Co
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B Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
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C Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
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D Diagnostic Tomato Leafminer Aid f
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E Field Tomato Leafminer Screening
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F How to Submit Insect Specimens 1
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How to Submit Insect Specimens Dry
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G Taxonomic Tomato Leafminer Suppor
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Other
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Lab:
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Taxonomic Support for Surveys Data
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Tomato Leafminer Index 1 A acknowle
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smuggling of infested commodities 8
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