12-14 September, 2011, Lucknow - Earth Science India

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National Conference on Science of Climate Change and Earth’s Sustainability: Issues and Challenges ‘A Scientist-People Partnership’ 12-14 September, 2011, Lucknow IMPACT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR RESTORATION Swati Sachdev, Sakshi Kapoor and V.P. Sharma CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow The climate change is a long term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. The fauna and flora of the world has been subjected to destruction due to global climate change. All the communities of plants and animals exist in a dynamic equilibrium with their environment, the disturbance in environment, directly and adversely affect these communities. The global climate changes may result into water stress, changes in weather patterns, increase in mean temperatures, changes in pattern of precipitation, increasing incidence of extreme climatic events, sea level rise, enhancing the incidence of vector borne and infectious diseases, reduction of forest and wildlife diversity, etc. the potential effects on health due to sea level rise will include death and injury due to flooding, agriculture produce, reduced availability of fresh water due to salt water intrusion, distribution of disease spreading insects, population displacement. The population explosion, increasing trend of industrialization and adoption of latest technology has resulted into the excess use of materials like metals, petroleum, plastics, etc. and contributed enormously in global climate change. The burning of plastic substances produces toxic and fugitive emissions which has raised the concentration of Green House Gases (GHG) in the environment and degraded its quality. The climate change may increase air pollution levels by accelerating the atmospheric chemical reactions that produce photochemical oxidants due to a rise in the temperature. The ecological restoration methodologies should not be same for all types of ecosystem as the degree of degradation differs ranging from arid and semi-arid lands, tropical and sub- tropical forests, aquatic and marine ecosystem. The Ecosystems, in various regions across the world have already been affected by changes in climate. The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change reviewed relevant published studies of biological systems and concluded that 20% to 30% of species assessed may be at risk of extinction from climate change impacts exceed 2-3°C (3.6- 4.5°F) relative to preindustrial levels. The climate change has both adverse and beneficial effects on species. The future strategies for adopting new changes and restoration should be scientifically planned with multidisciplinary inputs with understanding of implication on transboundary areas and transformation of genetic diversity, ecological hierarchy, competitive interactions. We should take cognizance of Meteorological Department Information. Future- aimed restoration methodologies are required to consider the dynamic nature of ecological communities with multiple trajectories, and connect landscape elements for improving ecosystem functions structures. The use of renewable 92
National Conference on Science of Climate Change and Earth’s Sustainability: Issues and Challenges ‘A Scientist-People Partnership’ 12-14 September, 2011, Lucknow sources will decrease the emission of Green House Gases substantially and switching to cleaner fuels and energy efficient technologies will reduce local pollutants with beneficial impact on health. GEOSEQUESTRATION: A NOVEL APPROACH FOR MITIGATING GLOBAL WARMING N.P. Singh and Sunjay Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221 005 email: singhnpbhu@yahoo.co.in, Sunjay.sunjay@gmail.com Geosequestration is the term broadly applied to the processes of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCGS), carbon dioxide capture and storage, or clean-coal technology. Geological storage (aquifer storage) of any kind necessarily takes place in sedimentary rocks, because sedimentary rocks are porous and have required storage capacity. Storage of CO 2 in underground beneath a layer of impermeable rock (cap rock) which acts as a seal to prevent the CO 2 from leaking out is the most popular option. Presently, there are mainly following types of proposed underground storage sites, i.e. deep saline water-bearing formations (saline aquifers), depleted oil and gas reservoirs, oil reservoirs that may be used for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) , deep coal seems containing methane (Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery (ECBM) , and deep ocean storage. The present global warming situation of our planet earth has left a pertinent task before geoscientists and environmental technologists to control the effects of greenhouse gases, which are responsible for rapid climate changes. The increasing use of fossil fuels is a major source of excess CO 2 that contributes to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The high concentration of greenhouse gases is the major cause of producing rapid climate changes. Thus, there is a compelling need to reduce the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. Capturing and storing of CO 2 by injecting it in geologic formations is one of the possible mitigation option. Proven and emerging geophysical technologies could be used for assessing the reliability and long term stability of CO 2 storage to meet the challenge of monitoring CO 2 sequestration. The optimum site selection for geologic storage requires thorough analyses of data, integration of results and fully characterizing the subsurface formations. This process requires years of preparation, feasibility studies, field data collection, data integration and interpretation of results. Carbonate reservoir rocks are notorious for their matrix heterogeneity. The porosity, permeability distribution and facies changes due to depositional stratigraphy, diagenesis, and fracture characteristics greatly affect the volume of CO 2 injection and its long term storage. The 93
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12-14 September, 2011, Lucknow - Earth Science India

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