12-14 September, 2011, Lucknow - Earth Science India

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National Conference on Science of Climate Change and Earth’s Sustainability: Issues and Challenges ‘A Scientist-People Partnership’ 12-14 September, 2011, Lucknow SUSTAINABLE HABITAT AND CLIMATE CHANGE Suresh C. Bajpai Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow – 226 007 email: dr.sureshcbajpai@gmail.com We are faced with the challenge of sustaining our economic growth while dealing with the global threat of climate change. This threat emanates from accumulated greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, anthropogenically generated through longterm and intensive industrial growth and high consumption lifestyles in developed countries. In charting out a developmental pathway which is ecologically sustainable, India has a wider spectrum of choices precisely because it is at an early stage of development. In dealing with the challenge of climate change we must act on several fronts in a focused manner simultaneously. The focus will be on promoting understanding of climate change, adaptation and mitigation, energy efficiency and natural resource conservation. The strong positive correlation between energy use and human development is well recognized. The integrated energy policy which was adopted in 2006 has some key provisions of promotion of energy efficiency in all sectors, emphasis on mass transport, emphasis on renewable including biofuels plantations, accelerated development of nuclear and hydropower for clean energy and focused R&D on several clean energy related technologies. The development of sustainable habitat may have three components, i.e. promoting energy efficiency in the residential and commercial sector, management of municipal solid waste and promotion of urban public transport. The residential sector accounts for around 13.3% of total commercial energy use in India. Electricity use in recent past has increased at 8.25% annually in the residential sector. Electricity consumption in the residential sector is primarily for lighting, space conditioning, refrigeration and other appliances. The commercial sector comprises various institutional establishments. Electricity consumption has increased at the rate of 7.4% annually in the last decade in the commercial sector. Energy use in residential and commercial buildings also varies significantly across the income groups, building construction typology, climate and several other factors. While the use of more efficient appliances can play a key role in reducing final energy demands, energy-efficient appliances typically have higher upfront costs than their non-labeled counterparts. Adopting of energy-efficient lighting and space-conditioning technologies should be integrated into housing finance schemes of financial institutions, appliance financing schemes need to incentivize purchase of energy-efficient equipment and utility-based programmes should be put in place to pay for the higher upfront capital costs of lighting systems in the utility bills. The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) aims to 68
National Conference on Science of Climate Change and Earth’s Sustainability: Issues and Challenges ‘A Scientist-People Partnership’ 12-14 September, 2011, Lucknow reduce the baseline energy consumption by supporting adoption and implementation of efficiency savings and savings in GHG emissions, besides other benefits. Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation reflects not just income levels, but also lifestyle choices. Recycling of materials is an important option for reducing environmental pressures. Efforts at composting and generating energy from waste have normally not been successful for a variety of systemic, technology and pricing issues, including variable quality of waste, insufficient segregation of MSW, and opposition to sitting the facilities from local residents and accordingly, the practice of open dumping continues. Broad guidelines for policy reform in the MSW sector may be common regional facilities and integrated systems for collection, transport, transfer, treatment and disposal facilities. An increase in the demand for transportation services for both passengers and freight is inevitable, given economic growth and increase of population. Mass transport options including buses, railways and mass rapid transit systems, etc. are the principal option for reducing energy use in the urban transport sector and mitigating associated GHG emissions and air pollution. The use of CNG has helped reduce air pollution due to diesel use in some cities because of its lower particulates emissions. Regarding biofuels, ethanol blending of gasoline upto 5% may be desirable. The effort being undertaken by various state governments and the central government under the National Action Plan on Climate Change may go a longway in providing sustainable habitat to fight the menace of climate change. RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Bibek Bandyopadhyay Solar Energy Centre, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110003 Email: bbibek@nic.in In India, during the last three decades, there have been continuous efforts relating to research, development, demonstration and application of a variety of renewable energy technologies. While in the first one and a half decade we were engaged in developing institutions, initiating interdisciplinary research, developing and adopting appropriate technologies, setting up renewable energy agencies at state level and installing a number of pilot and demonstration installations, commercialization efforts essentially started from 1993 onwards. Since quality of projects and equipment utilized thereof are important for reliability and long term operation of technologies, emphasis was put on developing standards and test protocols and a number of testing and evaluation facilities were set 69
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12-14 September, 2011, Lucknow - Earth Science India

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