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EXTERNALITY AND INCORPORATION 194 regions of the world, particularly those on the borders of rival civilizations or cultures. Multiple palimpsests exist, and reading the scriptio inferior is time-consuming and prone to differing interpretations. The notion of repeated incorporation transitions to a third, and related fourth, point worth reiterating. Third, this case further solidifies the application of world-system analysis to precapitalist settings, as has been argued by Abu-Lughod (1989, 1993), Chase Dunn and Hall (1991), Frank (1990, 1998), Frank and Gills (2005), Gills and Frank (1991). Of particular interest, was the systemic linkage and purposeful development of a “proto-global” currency by Axum. As such, a careful reading of Abyssinian history echoes “modern” concerns with globalization and argues that instead of being truly new or novel, the many problems subsumed under the rubric of globalization have a considerable historical legacy (cf., Gills and Thompson 2006). In reference to this lengthy historical legacy, I offer the notion of “protoglobalization” as a means of differentiating the roots or precursor homologues of the “modern” phenomena. The rapidity of change is new – yet the challenges themselves are not. Accordingly, the interaction between systems is also useful for contemporary discussions about cultural globalization and civilizational ‘clashes’. The process – or interrelated processes – of globalization have been taking place for thousands of years. Studying earlier cases of systemic incorporation, contest peripheries, and changes along the various networks of systemic interaction can provide us with a better understanding of how to negotiate these “modern” challenges. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper benefited from access and resources made available through the Helen Wallis Fellowship of The Map Library at The British Library, and through graduate and travel support provided by the Political Science Department at Arizona State University. The author also thanks the anonymous reviewers at JWSR for their helpful comments. With regard to errors or omissions, the usual statement applies. REFERENCES Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 1989. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250 - 1350. New York: Oxford University Press. _____ . 1993. “Discontinuities and Persistence: One World System or a Succession of World Systems?” in Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills, eds. The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London, UK: Routledge, pp. 278-290. Allen, Mitchell. 1992. "The Mechanisms of Underdevelopment: An Ancient Mesopotamian Example." Review 15: 3 (Summer) pp. 453-476. _____ . 1997. “Contested Peripheries: Philistia in the Neo-Assyrian World-System.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Interdepartmental archaeology program, UCLA. _____ . 2005. “Power is in the Details: Administrative Technology and the Growth of Ancient Near Eastern Cores.” Pp. 75-91 in The Historical Evolution of World-Systems, edited by Christopher Chase-Dunn and E. N. Anderson. New York: Palgrave.
195 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARCH Aregay, Merid W. 1988. “The Early History of Ethiopia’s Coffee Trade and the Rise of Shawa”, The Journal of African History, vol. 29:1, pp. 19-25. Arrowsmith, Aaron. 1808. “Map of the World on a Globular Projection”, first published 1794. London, UK: A. Arrowsmith. Electronic image courtesy David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, copyright Cartography Associates: http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps924.html Bagrow, Leo. 1966. History of Cartography, revised and enlarged by R. A. Skelton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Beaujard, Philippe. 2007. “L’Afrique de l’Est, les Comores et Madagascar dans le Système- Monde Eurasiatique et Africain avant le 16e Siècle” L’Afrique et Madagascar, pp. 29- 102, D. Nativel and F. Rajaonah (eds), Paris: Karthala. Beaujard, Philippe and S. Fee. 2005. “The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African World-Systems before the Sixteenth Century” Journal of World History (December) 16: 4, pp. 411- 465. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/16.4/beaujard.html. Bennyhoff, James A. and Richard E. Hughes. 1987. Shell Bead Ornament Exchange Networks between California and the Western Great Basin. New York: American Museum of Natural History. Bull, Hedley. 1984. “The Emergence of a Universal International Society,” in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, eds. The Expansion of International Society. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, pp. 117-126. Carlson, Jon D. 1999. “World-Systems Incorporation and the Zone of Ignorance: The Northwest Fur Trade,” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, March 25-27, Seattle, WA. _____ . 2001. “Broadening and Deepening: Systemic Expansion, Incorporation and the Zone of Ignorance”, Journal of World-Systems Research, 7: 2 (Fall), pp. 225-263, http://jwsr.ucr.edu/volumes/vol7/Carlson-v7n2.pdf . _____ . 2002. “The ‘Otter-Man’ Empires: The Pacific Fur Trade, Incorporation and the Zone of Ignorance”, Journal of World-Systems Research, 8: 3 (Fall), pp. 390-442, http://jwsr.ucr.edu/volumes/vol8/Carlson-v8n3.pdf . Caulk, R. A. 1972. “Firearms and Princely Power in Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century”, The Journal of African History, vol. 13:4, pp. 609-630. Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Thomas D. Hall. 1997. Rise and Demise: Comparing World- Systems. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Chase-Dunn, Christopher and Thomas D. Hall, eds. 1991. Core/Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Cline, Eric H. 2000. "'Contested Peripheries' in World Systems Theory: Megiddo and Jezreel Valley as a Test Case" Journal of World-Systems Research (6:1) pp. 7-16, http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol6/number1/v6n1_pdf/jwsr-v6n1-cline.pdf . “Convention between the United States of America and Italy, Montenegro, Russia, Argentine Republic, Roumania, Servia, Belgium, Salvador, Portugal, The United Mexican States, Luxemburg, The Swiss Confederation, Persia, Japan, Ecuador, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain, France, Sweden, The Netherlands, Greece, Uruguay, Germany, Cuba, Austria- Hungary, Norway, Egypt, Great Britain, Guatemala, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, Peru, China, Paraguay, and Turkey, Providing for the Creation of an
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James Rice—New Mexico State Unive
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BOOK REVIEW ESSAY 236 Review Essay:
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