Entire Volume 17 issue 1 - Journal of World-Systems Research ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY FIVE CENTURIES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 208 Figure 4. Regional Development in the Eighteenth Century The pattern of regional development in the eighteenth century (figure 4) is almost the opposite of the previous centuries. With the exception of the continued decline of the regions near Emden, the persistent development of Hamburg and the rise of Oldenburg, the regional development in the eighteenth century is the reverse image of the seventeenth century. The loss of hegemony resulted in stagnation and decline in especially the sea-based regions in the Netherlands. This reflects the declining importance of Dutch merchants in long-distance trade networks, which in this century became increasingly dominated by the British. In contrast, German regions gradually recovered from the destructions of the Thirty Years War. Many old hanseatic towns, depopulated in the previous period, became once again urban centers. The emergence of strong rivaling territorial states characterizes this period (Wallerstein 1980). Their rivalry fuelled the development of market forces which are outside the control of individual states. The international division of labor in the world-system regulates the production of the resources states need to compete. Successful states improved their economic control over their territories in their pursuit for resources to compete with other states. Their rivalry limited the scope of their success, but helped the creation of national markets. This further institutionalized the world-system, and changed the pattern of regional development. The Dutch Republic based on an urban alliance of merchants had been effective in the struggle against the imperial ambitions of the Hapsburgers. The treaty of Westphalia of 1648 formalized the Dutch victory over the Hapsburgers, and was an important milestone in the Europe
209 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARCH wide development toward the modern state based on territorial sovereignty (Wallerstein 1974, 1980). The Dutch Republic based its state formation on the wealth of its merchants. When the agriculturally based international division of labor stagnated and interstate rivalry intensified, the Dutch state lost out to states with more resources. Large territorial states performed better in this period with economic stagnation and increased rivalry. By increasing their control from the center, they not only extracted additional resources from their large territory through coercion, but also created a large national market, which provided new spaces for capitalist development (Tilly 1990, Braudel 1986: 277-385). Although Germany was late in developing a united territorial state, the general political situation in Germany improved in this period. German states like Hannover, Oldenburg and Prussia became more effective, expanded their territories, and later on increased their economic cooperation. This development toward German unity helped the regional development of all German regions, but Prussian territories profited the most. Prussia’s rise was an essential element in this integration process. The territories under its control profited from the expanding modern Prussian state that needed and helped economic development. This contrasted with neighboring German territories, which generally had a more conservative and anti-industrial agricultural regime based on landed gentry (Seedorf and Meyer: 1996). The world-system wide economic stagnation in the eighteenth century shaped the regional development in this period. The sea-based regions lost ground to the land-based regions that profited more from the growth of territorial states and national markets. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The world-system expanded again in the nineteenth century until it covered the whole world at the end of this century. It expanded not only into new territories, but also market forces penetrated new parts of society (Wallerstein 1989). In this century the Dutch state expanded its control over its colonies. Especially its Indonesian colony became an important source for cheap imports. This colony also attracted Dutch migrants although North America was a more popular destination. German migration to North America also increased strongly in this period (Therborn 1995, 42). Industrialization shaped the regional development in this period as depicted in figure 5. The growth in the Ruhr area dominates the regional development. Prussian sponsored industrialization in an integrating Germany made this an important core state in the world-system. Prussian lead German unification also helped the rise of other German regions with favorable conditions for development in this period. Urban centres and large scale infrastructure, like harbors and railways, generated a pattern of regional development in Germany concentrating on a few core regions. This German pattern of development contrasts with the general decline in the Netherlands. British hegemonic decline and the growing rivalry in the international political system enabled Prussia to integrate Germany. The Prussians transformed the British pioneered industrial development. The interventionist Prussian state sponsored close linkages between banking and industry, supported large-scale industrialization, and transformed the Ruhr area into an integrated industrial region. Not only coal mining and the steel industry linked up, but also the steel industry became functionally integrated with machine building and chemical industries (Terlouw 2003).
Page 1 and 2:
Journal of World-Systems Research V
Page 3 and 4:
James Rice—New Mexico State Unive
Page 5 and 6:
BOOK REVIEW ESSAY 236 Review Essay:
Page 7 and 8:
INTRODUCTION: THE WORLD-HISTORICAL
Page 9 and 10:
3 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARCH
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
11 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARC
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY & THE CU
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
CUTTING THE GORDIAN KNOT OF WORLD H
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
101 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEAR
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
ECOLOGY, CAPITAL, AND THE NATURE OF
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Richard York Department of Sociolog
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164: 157 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEAR
Page 171 and 172: EXTERNALITY AND INCORPORATION IN TH
Page 205 and 206: FIVE CENTURIES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPM
Page 213: 207 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEAR
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
show all

Entire Volume 17 issue 1 - Journal of World-Systems Research ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?