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THE COFFEE COMMODITY CHAIN 86 Once again, it is important to distinguish between core and periphery. While the top layer of capitalism may dominate material life in the core, the process lags behind in the periphery. Large segments of the populations there have still not been completely incorporated into the market economy. This means that the layer of material life in the periphery may still retain some capacity to influence the unfolding of the systemic cycles at the top layer of the system. In fact, a major impetus behind the fair trade movement in coffee, and behind the movement for globalization from below more generally, is the struggle by the poor and marginalized peoples of the periphery to prevent their material lives from being colonized and reshaped by the forces of capitalism. This study of the coffee commodity chain has focused on one small segment of the world-economy. Many more studies of this nature will be needed before we can begin to get a complete picture of the interactions among all three (or four) of Braudel’s layers and the ways in which they have shaped the evolution of the systemic cycles of accumulation. The commodity chain as unit of analysis and the method of incorporated comparison seem to be useful tools for this type of investigation. The breadth of the research program that flows from Arrighi’s The Long Twentieth Century is one measure of its enduring importance. REFERENCES Arrighi, Giovanni. 1994. The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times London: Verso. _____ . “Braudel, Capitalism, and the New Economic Sociology” Review 24(1): 107-23. Braudel, Fernand. 1981. The Structures of Everyday Life: Civilization & Capitalism 15 th -18 th Century, Volume 1 New York: Harper and Row. Translated from the French by S. Reynolds. _____ . 1982. The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization & Capitalism 15 th -18 th Century, Volume 2 New York: Harper and Row. Translated from the French by S. Reynolds. _____ . 1984. The Perspective of the World: Civilization & Capitalism 15 th -18 th Century, Volume 3 New York: Harper and Row. Translated from the French by S. Reynolds. Campbell, Guryn. 2003. “The Origins and Development of Coffee Production in Réunion and Madagascar, 1711-1972” in Steven Topik and William Gervase Clarence-Smith (eds.) The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500-1989 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chalmin, Philippe. 1987. Traders and Merchants: Panorama of International Commodity Trading Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers. Clarence-Smith, William Gervase. 2003. “The Coffee Crisis in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, 1870-1914” in Steven Topik and William Gervase Clarence-Smith (eds.) The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500-1989 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dean, Warren. 1969. The Industrialization of Sao Paulo 1880-1945 Austin: University of Texas Press. Delle, James A. 1998. An Archeology of Social Space: Analyzing Coffee Plantations in Jamaica’s Blue Mountains New York: Plenum Press.
87 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARCH Fernando, M. R. 2003. “Coffee Cultivation in Java, 1830-1917” in Steven Topik and William Gervase Clarence-Smith (eds.) The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500-1989 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Font, Mauricio. 1990. Coffee, Contention, and Change in the Making of Modern Brazil Cambridge: Basil Blackwell. Hattox, Ralph S. 1985. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East Seattle: University of Washington Press. Heise, Ulla. 1987. Coffee and Coffee Houses. West Chester, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. Translated from the German by Paul Roper. Holloway, Thomas H. 1975. The Brazilian Coffee Valorization of 1906: Regional Politics and Economic Dependence Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Hopkins, Terrence, and Immanuel Wallerstein. 1986. “Commodity Chains in the World-Economy Prior to 1800” Review 10(1):157-70. Jimenez, Michael F. 1995. “‘From Plantation to Cup’: Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930” in William Roseberry, Lowell Gudmundson, and Mario Samper Kutschbach (eds.) Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. McMichael, Philip. 1990. “Incorporating Comparison Within a World-Historical Perspective: An Alternative Comparative Method” American Sociological Review 55: 385-97. _____ . 1992. Rethinking Comparative Analysis in a Post-Developmentalist Context” International Social Science Journal 44: 351-65. _____ . 2004. Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. Mintz, Sidney. 1985. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History New York: Penguin Books. Moore, Jason W. 2003. “Capitalism as World Ecology: Braudel and Marx on Environmental History” Organization and Environment 16(4): 431-58. Pendergrast, Mark. 1999. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. New York: Basic Books. Roseberry, William. 1995. “Introduction” in William Roseberry, Lowell Gudmundson, and Mario Samper Kutschbach (eds.) Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Samper, Mario and Radin Fernando. 2003. “Appendix: Historical Statistics of Coffee Production and Trade from 1700 to 1960” in Steven Topik and William Gervase Clarence-Smith (eds.) The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500-1989 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1992. Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants New York: Vintage Books. Sklair, Leslie. 2002. Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives. Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Talbot, John M. 2004. Grounds for Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. Tilly, Charles. 1984. Big Structures. Large Processes, Huge Comparisons. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
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