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EXTERNALITY AND INCORPORATION 198 Tamrat, Taddesse. 1972. Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270-1527. New York: Oxford University Press. Thomas, T. H. 1937. “Modern Abyssinia: A Selected Geographical Biography”, Geographical Review, vol. 27:1 (January), pp.120-128. Tibebu, Teshale. 1996. “Ethiopia: The ‘Anomaly’ and ‘Paradox’ of Africa”, Journal of Black Studies, vol. 26:4 (March), pp. 414-430. “Treaty of Commerce between the United States and Ethiopia.” 1914. American Journal of International Law, vol. 16:1 (January 1922), pp. 9-10. Wainwright, G. A. 1942. “Early Records of Iron in Abyssinia”, Man, vol. 42 (July-August), pp. 84-88. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. _____ . 1980. The Modern World System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World Economy, 1600-1750. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. _____ . 1989. The Modern World System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Whitfield, Peter. 1998. New Found Lands: Maps in the History of Exploration. London, UK: The British Library.
FIVE CENTURIES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHWEST GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS Kees Terlouw Urban and Regional research centre Utrecht Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University terlouw@geo.uu.nl ABSTRACT Germany and the Netherlands have developed very differently over the centuries. A close examination of Dutch and German regions show the differentiated way in which regions profit from the changing developmental opportunities of the world-system. This article studies longterm regional development using regional urban population in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany. Initially the coastal regions profited from the emerging trade based agricultural worldsystem. Later on, state formation enabled some of the previously developed regions to regain their position. Industrialization concentrated the development. In recent times, development spreads, giving developmental opportunities to some previously disadvantaged regions that are well located and well-endowed to profit from the recent developments in the world-system. INTRODUCTION The world-system approach is mostly used to explain the differences in development between states. This paper applies the world-system approach to the development of regions in two countries which have from the start belonged to the world-system. The position of the Netherlands and Germany in the world-system has however changed considerably between the emergence of the world-system and the present. The Netherlands and Northwest Germany belonged from the start to the world-system (Wallerstein 1974). Several types of important relations shaped this area from the early modern times. For instance grain exports from the German part facilitated the population growth of Dutch trade cities. Half the food for these urban populations was imported. Migration was also important. In the first half of the seventeenth century 39% of marriage partners in Amsterdam were born abroad. About half of the foreign born marriage partners in Amsterdam came from our study area. This migration declined in later centuries (Diederiks 1983: 330, 338). The significance of foreign migrants in Dutch cities was much greater compared to other European cities at the time. For instance Paris received a significant influx of foreign refugees in the end of the seventeenth century. However, even the by far largest group of Catholic Jacobite refugees from the British Isles amounted to only about 3% of the Parish population (Genet-Rouffiac 1995). Our study area has also important seasonal migration. Up till the nineteenth century, seasonal labor in the Netherlands was a significant source of income for many marginal German regions. Although seasonal migration occurred also in other areas in Europe, the size and the international character Copyright ©2011, American Sociological Association, Volume XVII, Number 1, Pages 199-217 ISSN 1076-156X
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BOOK REVIEW ESSAY 236 Review Essay:
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