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FIVE CENTURIES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 212 flexibility (Dodgshon 1998: 190-198). Figures 6 and 7 show the growth of many regions close to urbanized core regions. Figure 7. Regional Development in the Twentieth Century: Total Population However, development spreads not to all surrounding regions. Intrinsic qualities of a region, like landscape, settlement structure and social climate, increasingly determine the developmental potential of regions. The calculable production potential of a region has lost much ground to perceived consumption possibilities. Agriculture no longer dominates rural economies, but influences indirectly the quality and intensity of subsequent regional development. The idyllic landscapes it has produced can make it very amenable for new developments. The traditionally less well-off agricultural regions with infertile sandy soils have diverse small-scale landscapes, free space, low land prices, and a social structure more open to new developments. On the other hand, a long history of intensive commercial agriculture produces unattractive monotonous largescale landscapes. Areas with fertile clay soils along the coast and with loess soils at the feet of the more mountainous areas in the southeast developed in the past on this basis. These specialized large-scale production landscapes contradict nowadays the imagery of an original landscape that suits the leisure and identification needs of the new middle classes. This layer of previous development hinders future developments (Massey 1984; Lamb 1975; Murdoch and Day 1998). The twentieth century is characterized by a spread of development in different forms and at different scales. This gives new opportunities to previously underdeveloped regions whose success is still linked to historically formed characteristics.
213 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARCH CONCLUSION This article demonstrated that the world-systems approach is suitable to analyze long term regional development. The developments in the world-system generate distinct phases with very divergent patterns of regional development. Neither the emergence of the world-system in the sixteenth century, nor the subsequent new phases of development, including the recent phase of globalization homogenizes space. The creation of the world-system generated a new pattern of regional development. The coastal regions benefited from the general increase in sea trade. They also profited from their relative inaccessibility of the Dutch coastal regions over land for armies. This was a crucial factor in the struggle between local merchants and the Hapsburgers, who tried to control the emerging capitalist world-system and transform it into a world-empire. In the seventeenth century this struggle between the Dutch and the Hapsburgers became part of a wider European power struggle. The economic and naval superiority sheltered the Dutch territory from the military destructions of the seventeenth century. In contrast, many inland German regions were destroyed during the Thirty Years War. However, the small and decentralized Dutch state later lost out to the larger European territorial states. The eighteenth century was beneficial for the emerging German territorial states. The subsequent process of German unification and industrialization further favored urbanized German regions in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century regional development became more diversified. Regional development spread out from the old centres and the importance of national paths of regional development diminished. Specific regions, for instance previously hindered by their border location or having specific amenities, profited from new developmental opportunities. REFERENCES Bairoch, Paul, Jean Batou and Paul Chèvre. 1988. The Population of European Cities: Data Bank and short Summary of Results. Genève: Droz. Bairoch, Paul. 1988a. Cities and Economic Development: from the Dawn of History to the Present. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Brandt, Klaus, Hajo van Lengen, Heinrich Schmidt and Walter Deeters. 1994. Geschichte der Stadt Emden von den Anfängen bis 1611. Leer: Verlag Rautenberg. Braudel, Fernand. 1974. Capitalism and Material Life: 1400-1800. London: Fontana. Braudel, Fernand. 1986. The Perspective of the World: Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century. New York: Harper and Row. Braudel, Fernand. 1990. The Identity of France : Volume Two, People and Production. London: Fontana. Brenner, Neil. 2004. New State Spaces: Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CBS. Regional Statistics. Voorburg: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Diederiks, Herman. 1983. “Amsterdam 1600-1800: Demographische Entwicklung und Migration.” In: Wilfried Ehbrecht and Heinz Schilling. Niederlande und Nordwestdeutschland: Studien zur Regional- und Stadtgeschichte
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James Rice—New Mexico State Unive
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BOOK REVIEW ESSAY 236 Review Essay:
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INTRODUCTION: THE WORLD-HISTORICAL
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