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FIVE CENTURIES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 204 development. The adding the population of these self-governing cities to its neighboring regions tries to alleviate this problem. Lines from the edges of the common border to the center of the city delimit the parts of the territory of the self-governing cities that are allocated to its neighboring regions. Proportionally to the size of the divided area, the urban population is divided over its neighboring regions. The population of the Randstad and the Ruhr area are aggregated. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Figure 2. Regional Development in the Sixteenth Century 3 Figure 2 shows the changes in urban population for the regions in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany between 1500 and 1600. The growth of the coastal regions and the relative decline of most of the inland regions is the dominant pattern of regional development in the sixteenth century. This contrasts with the medieval pattern which was dominated by the cities in the zone with fertile loess soils in the Southeast of the study area. Regional diversity in Medieval Europe was based on the locally different ecological possibilities for subsistence farming. Political power 3 The aim of these maps is to depict the development of individual regions. In order to make comparisons possible of the pattern of regional development between the different periods the same classification procedure of regional development is used. For each year the proportion of the urban or regional population in the total population of the study area was calculated. The maps depict the percentage change in that century. (The overall growth in urban population in the study area was 14% in the 16 th , 19% in the 17 th , 62% in the 18 th , 333% in the 19 th , 217% in the 20 th , and 154% for the total population in the 20 th century).
205 JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARCH was mostly local, and based on forced surplus extraction. Urban associations regulated crafts and trade. The capitalist world-system which emerged in the long sixteenth century transformed these structural characteristics of ‘feudal’ Europe. It undermined the position of the cities in the interior. The rise of the trade based coastal regions is very visible in the sixteenth century. The limited success of the uprising against the Hapsburg rulers further polarized this pattern of regional development. The inland regions of the Netherlands suffered from the initial defeats of the Dutch revolt against the Hapsburg rulers. After the defeat of the uprising in Flanders, many merchants and workers fled to other port cities along the shores of the North Sea. This migration affected not only the nearby Dutch provinces of Zeeland and Holland, but its influence extended all the way to Hamburg. After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, Flemish refugees formed a quarter of its population (Möller 1999: 25). Emden, a German port city facing the Dutch province of Groningen, profited even stronger from these refugees. These refugees fuelled a strong, but short period of prosperity. Between 1530 and 1570 its population increased from 4.000 to almost 20.000. Dutch refugees formed then a third of Emden's population (Brandt et al. 1994: 205). Emden based ships briefly dominated the Dutch grain trade with the Baltic at the end of the 1560s. Between 1565 and 1569 the number of Emden based ships passing through the Sound increased from 152 to 542, while the number of Amsterdam based ship declined from 504 to 139 (Brandt et al. 1994: 199). After the later successes of the Dutch revolt, the Dutch registered ships regained and increased their hold on the Baltic trade. Especially the blockade of Emden by the Dutch navy in 1574 forced the Dutch merchant to return. Most went to Amsterdam (Brandt et al. 1994: 200). One indicator of the intensity of this relation is that still in the seventeenth century 3.5 % of all marriage partners in Amsterdam were born in Emden or its immediate vicinity. This was three times as many as the marriage partners from the much larger cities of Hamburg and Bremen and about a tenth of the total number of foreign born marriage partners (39%) in Amsterdam (Diederiks 1983: 339). THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Emden's decline deepens in the seventeenth century. Figure 3 shows that it is one of the few examples where the regional development in the seventeenth century was different from the previous century. In general, regional development in the seventeenth century is an elaboration of the previous century but very distinct from subsequent centuries. In the seventeenth century the decline in most German regions deepens, while the Dutch dominance intensifies. The Dutch merchants not only controlled the trade on the North Sea and the Baltics, but also achieved a dominated position in more distant trade. The role of Dutch merchants and pirates in the transatlantic trade increased in the first part of the seventeenth century. Especially merchants from Zeeland played an important role in the slave trade. The Dutch merchants had also profitable trade links with Southeast Asia. Asia was then still outside the world-system, while the European did not control the local economy (Wallerstein 1974).
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James Rice—New Mexico State Unive
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BOOK REVIEW ESSAY 236 Review Essay:
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INTRODUCTION: THE WORLD-HISTORICAL
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