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available online at www.studiesinmycology.org Studies in Mycology 73: 181–213. Colletotrichum – current status and future directions P.F. Cannon 1* , U. Damm 2 , P.R. Johnston 3 , and B.S. Weir 3 1 CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK; 2 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 3 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand *Correspondence: Paul Cannon, p.cannon@cabi.org Abstract: A review is provided of the current state of understanding of Colletotrichum systematics, focusing on species-level data and the major clades. The taxonomic placement of the genus is discussed, and the evolution of our approach to species concepts and anamorph-teleomorph relationships is described. The application of multilocus technologies to phylogenetic analysis of Colletotrichum is reviewed, and selection of potential genes/loci for barcoding purposes is discussed. Host specificity and its relation to speciation and taxonomy is briefly addressed. A short review is presented of the current status of classification of the species clusters that are currently without comprehensive multilocus analyses, emphasising the orbiculare and destructivum aggregates. The future for Colletotrichum biology will be reliant on consensus classification and robust identification tools. In support of these goals, a Subcommission on Colletotrichum has been formed under the auspices of the International Commission on Taxonomy of Fungi, which will administer a carefully curated barcode database for sequence-based identification of species within the BioloMICS web environment. Key words: anamorph-teleomorph linkages, barcoding, Colletotrichum, database, Glomerella, host specialisation, phylogeny, systematics, species concepts. Published online: 15 September 2012; doi:10.3114/sim0014. Hard copy: September 2012. Studies in Mycology INTRODUCTION The genus Colletotrichum includes a number of plant pathogens of major importance, causing diseases of a wide variety of woody and herbaceous plants. It has a primarily tropical and subtropical distribution, although there are some high-profile species affecting temperate crops. Fruit production is especially affected, both highvalue crops in temperate markets such as strawberry, mango, citrus and avocado, and staple crops such as banana. Colletotrichum species cause devastating disease of coffee berries in Africa, and seriously affect cereals including maize, sugar cane and sorghum. The genus was recently voted the eighth most important group of plant pathogenic fungi in the world, based on perceived scientific and economic importance (Dean et al. 2012). As plant pathogens, Colletotrichum species are primarily described as causing anthracnose diseases, although other maladies are also reported such as red rot of sugar cane, coffee berry disease, crown rot of strawberry and banana, and brown blotch of cowpea (Lenné 2002). Anthracnose disease symptoms include limited, often sunken necrotic lesions on leaves, stems, flowers and fruit, as well as crown and stem rots, seedling blight etc. (Waller et al. 2002, Agrios 2005). A range of disease symptoms is illustrated in Fig. 1. Many species may be seed-borne and can survive well in soil by growing saprobically on dead plant fragments, and may be spread via water-splash dispersal of conidia and air transmission of ascospores from the sexual morph (Nicholson & Moraes 1980). Infection occurs via an appressorium that develops from the germinating spore on the plant surface, followed by turgordriven penetration of the cuticle (Deising et al. 2000) and in some cases also of epidermal cells by infective hyphae (Bailey et al. 1992). Establishment within plant tissues is aided via production Copyright CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. by the fungus of host-induced virulence effectors (Kleeman et al. 2012, O’Connell et al. 2012). Nascent colonies in most cases then enter a biotrophic phase with infected tissues remaining externally symptomless and which may be short (1–3 d; O’Connell et al. 2000) or extended and presumably involving dormancy (Prusky & Plumbley 1992). Then, the fungus enters a necrotrophic phase that results in significant death of plant cells and the emergence of pathogenic lesions. This delayed onset of disease symptoms may lead to significant post-harvest losses, with apparently healthy crops degenerating in storage (Prusky & Plumbley 1992). The biotrophic life strategies adopted by Colletotrichum species may also contribute to their prominence as symptomless endophytes of living plant tissues (Lu et al. 2004, Joshee et al. 2009, Rojas et al. 2010, Yuan et al. 2011). There are no comprehensive modern reviews of the biology, pathology and host/parasite interactions of Colletotrichum species, but useful information can be found in Bailey & Jeger (1992) and Prusky et al. (2000). Colletotrichum species are also extensively studied as model organisms for research into genetics. This work has a long history; the first investigation into mating types in Glomerella was published a century ago (Edgerton 1912, 1914), and genetic mechanisms in G. cingulata were extensively studied in the 1940’s and 50’s (e.g. Andes 1941, Lucas et al. 1944, Wheeler 1950, 1954, Olive 1951). Research into host/parasite systems has had almost as long a history, originating with work on the C. lindemuthianum/Phaseolus vulgaris interaction by Barrus (1918). Mechanisms of infection and disease development in the same model system were extensively studied in the 1980’s (e.g. Bell et al. 1984, O’Connell et al. 1985, 1986). Maize anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum graminicola is an economically important disease on a global level, stimulating You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. 181
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