Colletotrichum: complex species or species ... - CBS - KNAW
Colletotrichum: complex species or species ... - CBS - KNAW
Colletotrichum: complex species or species ... - CBS - KNAW
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available online at www.studiesinmycology.<strong>or</strong>g<br />
Studies in Mycology 73: 181–213.<br />
<strong>Colletotrichum</strong> – current status and future directions<br />
P.F. Cannon 1* , U. Damm 2 , P.R. Johnston 3 , and B.S. Weir 3<br />
1<br />
CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK; 2 <strong>CBS</strong>-<strong>KNAW</strong> Fungal Biodiversity Centre,<br />
Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 3 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand<br />
*C<strong>or</strong>respondence: Paul Cannon, p.cannon@cabi.<strong>or</strong>g<br />
Abstract: A review is provided of the current state of understanding of <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> systematics, focusing on <strong>species</strong>-level data and the maj<strong>or</strong> clades. The taxonomic<br />
placement of the genus is discussed, and the evolution of our approach to <strong>species</strong> concepts and anam<strong>or</strong>ph-teleom<strong>or</strong>ph relationships is described. The application of multilocus<br />
technologies to phylogenetic analysis of <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> is reviewed, and selection of potential genes/loci f<strong>or</strong> barcoding purposes is discussed. Host specificity and its relation to<br />
speciation and taxonomy is briefly addressed. A sh<strong>or</strong>t review is presented of the current status of classification of the <strong>species</strong> clusters that are currently without comprehensive<br />
multilocus analyses, emphasising the <strong>or</strong>biculare and destructivum aggregates. The future f<strong>or</strong> <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> biology will be reliant on consensus classification and robust<br />
identification tools. In supp<strong>or</strong>t of these goals, a Subcommission on <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> has been f<strong>or</strong>med under the auspices of the International Commission on Taxonomy of Fungi,<br />
which will administer a carefully curated barcode database f<strong>or</strong> sequence-based identification of <strong>species</strong> within the BioloMICS web environment.<br />
Key w<strong>or</strong>ds: anam<strong>or</strong>ph-teleom<strong>or</strong>ph linkages, barcoding, <strong>Colletotrichum</strong>, database, Glomerella, host specialisation, phylogeny, systematics, <strong>species</strong> concepts.<br />
Published online: 15 September 2012; doi:10.3114/sim0014. Hard copy: September 2012.<br />
Studies in Mycology<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The genus <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> includes a number of plant pathogens<br />
of maj<strong>or</strong> imp<strong>or</strong>tance, causing diseases of a wide variety of woody<br />
and herbaceous plants. It has a primarily tropical and subtropical<br />
distribution, although there are some high-profile <strong>species</strong> affecting<br />
temperate crops. Fruit production is especially affected, both highvalue<br />
crops in temperate markets such as strawberry, mango, citrus<br />
and avocado, and staple crops such as banana. <strong>Colletotrichum</strong><br />
<strong>species</strong> cause devastating disease of coffee berries in Africa, and<br />
seriously affect cereals including maize, sugar cane and s<strong>or</strong>ghum.<br />
The genus was recently voted the eighth most imp<strong>or</strong>tant group of<br />
plant pathogenic fungi in the w<strong>or</strong>ld, based on perceived scientific<br />
and economic imp<strong>or</strong>tance (Dean et al. 2012).<br />
As plant pathogens, <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> <strong>species</strong> are primarily<br />
described as causing anthracnose diseases, although other<br />
maladies are also rep<strong>or</strong>ted such as red rot of sugar cane, coffee<br />
berry disease, crown rot of strawberry and banana, and brown<br />
blotch of cowpea (Lenné 2002). Anthracnose disease symptoms<br />
include limited, often sunken necrotic lesions on leaves, stems,<br />
flowers and fruit, as well as crown and stem rots, seedling blight<br />
etc. (Waller et al. 2002, Agrios 2005). A range of disease symptoms<br />
is illustrated in Fig. 1. Many <strong>species</strong> may be seed-b<strong>or</strong>ne and can<br />
survive well in soil by growing saprobically on dead plant fragments,<br />
and may be spread via water-splash dispersal of conidia and air<br />
transmission of ascosp<strong>or</strong>es from the sexual m<strong>or</strong>ph (Nicholson &<br />
M<strong>or</strong>aes 1980). Infection occurs via an appress<strong>or</strong>ium that develops<br />
from the germinating sp<strong>or</strong>e on the plant surface, followed by turg<strong>or</strong>driven<br />
penetration of the cuticle (Deising et al. 2000) and in some<br />
cases also of epidermal cells by infective hyphae (Bailey et al.<br />
1992). Establishment within plant tissues is aided via production<br />
Copyright <strong>CBS</strong>-<strong>KNAW</strong> Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.<br />
by the fungus of host-induced virulence effect<strong>or</strong>s (Kleeman et al.<br />
2012, O’Connell et al. 2012). Nascent colonies in most cases then<br />
enter a biotrophic phase with infected tissues remaining externally<br />
symptomless and which may be sh<strong>or</strong>t (1–3 d; O’Connell et al.<br />
2000) <strong>or</strong> extended and presumably involving d<strong>or</strong>mancy (Prusky<br />
& Plumbley 1992). Then, the fungus enters a necrotrophic phase<br />
that results in significant death of plant cells and the emergence<br />
of pathogenic lesions. This delayed onset of disease symptoms<br />
may lead to significant post-harvest losses, with apparently healthy<br />
crops degenerating in st<strong>or</strong>age (Prusky & Plumbley 1992). The<br />
biotrophic life strategies adopted by <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> <strong>species</strong> may<br />
also contribute to their prominence as symptomless endophytes<br />
of living plant tissues (Lu et al. 2004, Joshee et al. 2009, Rojas et<br />
al. 2010, Yuan et al. 2011). There are no comprehensive modern<br />
reviews of the biology, pathology and host/parasite interactions<br />
of <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> <strong>species</strong>, but useful inf<strong>or</strong>mation can be found in<br />
Bailey & Jeger (1992) and Prusky et al. (2000).<br />
<strong>Colletotrichum</strong> <strong>species</strong> are also extensively studied as model<br />
<strong>or</strong>ganisms f<strong>or</strong> research into genetics. This w<strong>or</strong>k has a long hist<strong>or</strong>y;<br />
the first investigation into mating types in Glomerella was published<br />
a century ago (Edgerton 1912, 1914), and genetic mechanisms in<br />
G. cingulata were extensively studied in the 1940’s and 50’s (e.g.<br />
Andes 1941, Lucas et al. 1944, Wheeler 1950, 1954, Olive 1951).<br />
Research into host/parasite systems has had almost as long a<br />
hist<strong>or</strong>y, <strong>or</strong>iginating with w<strong>or</strong>k on the C. lindemuthianum/Phaseolus<br />
vulgaris interaction by Barrus (1918). Mechanisms of infection and<br />
disease development in the same model system were extensively<br />
studied in the 1980’s (e.g. Bell et al. 1984, O’Connell et al. 1985,<br />
1986).<br />
Maize anthracnose caused by <strong>Colletotrichum</strong> graminicola is<br />
an economically imp<strong>or</strong>tant disease on a global level, stimulating<br />
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