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Figure 3.5 Interwood logging concession Source: Plopino, R.F. (2001), Social Movement for Water Resource Management and Protection in an Upland Community in Laguna, Philippines. Unpublished thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. During the US occupation (the first half of the twentieth century), forest exploitation was introduced in the country, and logs and lumber were exported until the Americans left. Up until 1975, the country’s forest regulations were based totally on the Forest Act of the US. In the 1960s, shortly after the American departure, logging was introduced in the forests of 49
Pangil. A company there was issued a Timber License Agreement (TLA) in January 1961 by the Philippine government, which allowed it to cut timber in Pangil, as well as in four other municipalities in Laguna province, and three municipalities in Quezon province. The TLA should have expired in 1983, but was suspended in 1978 when martial law was still in place. The company got the suspension lifted in 1985, and continued to operate in the area until its permit expired in 1986. It applied for an extension, however, this did not include Pangil anymore, but rather was limited to two municipalities in Quezon province. After the logging concession denuded the forest of hardwood trees, small-scale loggers and charcoal-makers continued cutting of secondary-growth trees. Slash-and-burn farmers likewise encroached into the area through the years. Carabao grazers grew in number, contributing to soil erosion and siltation. All of these contributed to the denudation of the Balian watershed. There was nothing in the literature that suggested that the organisation protested the presence of the logging concessionaire in their area. Most probably, this was because during that time, water supply was constant and water quality did not deteriorate. During the late 1980s, however, local residents started noticing that the water was less abundant. Whereas before this period, water had flowed continuously for 24 hours a day, they started noticing that water would not be available during certain times of the day, particularly during the summer months. Furthermore, during the rainy season, the Dakil River, located in the lower portion of Balian, began to flood more often, and floodwaters were muddier than before. Landslides started to occur, and the climate was not as cool as before the time that the watershed began to lose its trees. Finally, the waterfalls in the area were not as large as they had been previously. Thus, in the late 1980s there was a resurgence of initiative among the SBPTI members. Along with some local and national government officials, SBPTI started discussing how they could solve their dwindling water-supply problem. They then took matters into their own hands and passed a resolution asking the municipal government to declare a 50-metre radius from all water sources as protected. DENR went further and suggested that they increase the boundary to a 100m radius around the water source. The provincial government finally declared a 100m radius around all water sources as protected (see Appendix E). 22 Soon after the declaration of the protected area, the residents discovered that SBPTI had no mandate to protect the watershed. The remit for the organisation was only the management of the water system of its residents. Upon consultations with all stakeholders involved, they decided to form an umbrella group that could work for an extended mandate. It was later called Lingap Kalikasan (LK), or Care for Nature. LK developed a conservation plan which led to reforestation activities in the area. 3.2.3 Current operations Protection activities for water sources A major activity of LK is to look for water sources within the watershed that can be connected to their water-supply system. In addition to the existing source which was discovered as long ago as 1925 when SBPTI was founded, they were able to identify an additional source, which was automatically covered within the municipal ordinance 22 Available at http://www.iied.org/eep/. 50
Page 1 and 2:
Developing pro-poor markets for env
Page 3 and 4:
Acknowledgements The author would l
Page 5 and 6:
MES Markets for Environmental Servi
Page 7 and 8: Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Backg
Page 9 and 10: List of tables Table 2.1 List of en
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Purpose and objectives of resea
Page 13 and 14: 2 Markets for environmental service
Page 15 and 16: Environmental service Watershed pro
Page 17 and 18: Environmental service Carbon seques
Page 19 and 20: Chronology of activities • Presen
Page 21 and 22: Results of the travel cost model, M
Page 23 and 24: Box 2.2 Case study of development f
Page 25 and 26: Accomplishments With ample resource
Page 27 and 28: workers in some reforestation activ
Page 29 and 30: have sole commercial bioprospecting
Page 31 and 32: 2.6 Elevation services This last ty
Page 33 and 34: 3 Institutional support mechanisms
Page 35 and 36: from the PA Profiles and from the P
Page 37 and 38: Region Protected area Northwest Pan
Page 39 and 40: Region Protected area Location Area
Page 41 and 42: Region Protected area Location Area
Page 43 and 44: Box 3.1 ‘Establishment and Manage
Page 45 and 46: In some areas, such issues are reso
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.2 shows the flowchart summ
Page 49 and 50: • Initao National Park • Biak n
Page 51 and 52: Region Protected area Area (in hect
Page 53 and 54: in its entirety. To do so, a nation
Page 55 and 56: PAMB. 19 A broad set of guidelines
Page 57: streams and rivers for their domest
Page 61 and 62: Much remains to be done. The LK cla
Page 63 and 64: placed some boundary markers in the
Page 65 and 66: Another lesson learned is it is nec
Page 67 and 68: 4 Socio-economic framework for eval
Page 69 and 70: during this period because of the r
Page 71 and 72: 4.1.2 Economic profile The populati
Page 73 and 74: Table 4.2 Schedule of fees and char
Page 75 and 76: group representative, the mayor of
Page 77 and 78: Table 4.4 Results of the key-inform
Page 79 and 80: 4.2 Reforestation, Watershed Manage
Page 81 and 82: within 15 days of submission of the
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.3 Program for Granting Fin
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.5 Preferred development and
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.7 Total generating capacity
Page 89 and 90: Table 4.8 Approved reforestation, w
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.4 Flowchart of funds, paym
Page 93 and 94: Results of the survey of 100 respon
Page 95 and 96: In the event that allocations of gr
Page 97 and 98: DENR Administrative Order No. 13, S
Page 99: Republic Act No. 9136 (2001), ‘El
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