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In 1994, its legal name was changed to Apo Island Protected Landscape and Seascape (AIPLAS) by Proclamation No. 438 (see Appendix F), 35 as one of the initial components of the NIPAS Act. The Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) of AIPLAS is composed of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the municipal mayor’s office, members of the university, the barangay office, and representatives from NGOs and other groups. After some time, the MMC was abolished, and some of its members were absorbed by the PAMB. 4.1.4 Resource use conflicts Up until the late 1970s, dynamite and muro-ami fishing used to be rampant in the area. After the area was declared protected in the early 1980s, dynamite fishing stopped. Affected reefs have regenerated since then. Muro-ami continued occasionally but eventually stopped as well. Although there was initial resistance from the fishing community, continuous information and education campaign (IEC) efforts by Silliman University and the local government convinced the fisherfolk to abandon destructive methods of fishing. Hence, in the beginning, the cost of protection was borne not by the affected community but by outside groups that initiated protection efforts in the area. Current threats have more to do with the increasing tourist traffic during the diving season, which starts in November or December and ends in May or June. In fact, the very first resolution of the PAMB was to regulate scuba diving by limiting the number of divers at any point in time and by prescribing entrance fees to visitors (see Appendix G). 36 4.1.5 Revenue generated To date, Apo Island is the highest income-generating protected area in the country, as far as revenues from user fees are concerned. Table 4.2 contains the schedule of fees currently being implemented in the area. Within four months of the user fee being fully implemented (i.e. December 1999 to March 2000), the PAMB was able to raise half a million pesos (around $10,000) from the fees alone. 37 This amount is budgeted for programmes planned for 2000, of which 41 per cent are for protection and maintenance, 44 per cent for administration and management, and 15 per cent for livelihood projects. However, due to the tedious process of accessing IPAF funds, the PAMB has yet to disburse revenues earned since the year 2000 (see earlier discussion on IPAF, Section 2). During the same period, incomes likewise benefited from the promotion of the area as a major scuba-diving destination. Boat income was estimated to be around PhP4 million, or $80,000, 25 per cent of which went to Apo Island residents themselves. The biggest beneficiary was the diving industry, which received income as much as PhP5.7 million, or $114,000 during the same period. Revenues from lodging at the only two resorts on the island increased to PhP643,000, or roughly $13,000. These resorts are owned by foreigners, but are being managed and maintained by locals. Finally, sale of souvenir items was given a boost, with island residents benefiting from selling t-shirts, native mats, and other souvenir items to tourists. On the whole, it is estimated that 20 per cent of the total increase in income is enjoyed by the residents themselves. 38 35 Available at http://www.iied.org/eep/. 36 Available at http://www.iied.org/eep/. 37 Cadiz, P.L. and H.P. Calumpong (2001), Analysis of Revenues from Ecotourism in Apo Island, Negros Oriental. 38 Ibid. 63
Table 4.2 Schedule of fees and charges, Apo Island Protected Landscape and Seascape Type of Fee Amount Entrance Fee Locals Adults Students Foreign nationals Additional charges Scuba diving a Within Marine Sanctuary Outside Marine Sanctuary With camera (still picture) Snorkelling b Within Marine Sanctuary Outside Marine Sanctuary Camping b Adults Students Filming for Movie Production, TV and Commercials b Landscape Area Seascape (within marine sanctuary) Seascape (outside marine sanctuary) Lodging at DENR/PAMB Cottages a Picnic Shed c Mooring d Less than 1.5 tons 1.5 tons or more but not to reach 5.0 tons 5.0 tons or more Anchoring e Less than 1.5 tons 1.5 tons or more but not to reach 5.0 tons Source: PAMB Resolution No. 1, 1999. a/ per day/per person/diver or fraction thereof b/ per day or fraction thereof c/ per unit/day or fraction thereof d/ per boat/day or fraction thereof (1 day=24 hours) e/ per boat/day or fraction thereof at designated areas (1 day=24 hours) 64 10 5 20 150 75 50 25 10 20 10 500 1,000 The PAMB of AIPLAS has also earned a significant amount of revenues from user fees. Table 4.3 shows the yearly breakdown of revenues and number of tourists on the Island. Over the past three years, revenues for the first quarter averaged at PhP336,000, from an average of 1,561 foreign tourists and 818 local tourists. On a yearly average, revenues have reached PhP1.2 million annually, from 5,200 foreign and 2,900 local tourists. 750 50 50 50 100 500 50 100
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Developing pro-poor markets for env
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Acknowledgements The author would l
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MES Markets for Environmental Servi
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Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Backg
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List of tables Table 2.1 List of en
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1.2 Purpose and objectives of resea
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2 Markets for environmental service
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Environmental service Watershed pro
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Environmental service Carbon seques
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Chronology of activities • Presen
Page 21 and 22: Results of the travel cost model, M
Page 23 and 24: Box 2.2 Case study of development f
Page 25 and 26: Accomplishments With ample resource
Page 27 and 28: workers in some reforestation activ
Page 29 and 30: have sole commercial bioprospecting
Page 31 and 32: 2.6 Elevation services This last ty
Page 33 and 34: 3 Institutional support mechanisms
Page 35 and 36: from the PA Profiles and from the P
Page 37 and 38: Region Protected area Northwest Pan
Page 39 and 40: Region Protected area Location Area
Page 41 and 42: Region Protected area Location Area
Page 43 and 44: Box 3.1 ‘Establishment and Manage
Page 45 and 46: In some areas, such issues are reso
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.2 shows the flowchart summ
Page 49 and 50: • Initao National Park • Biak n
Page 51 and 52: Region Protected area Area (in hect
Page 53 and 54: in its entirety. To do so, a nation
Page 55 and 56: PAMB. 19 A broad set of guidelines
Page 57 and 58: streams and rivers for their domest
Page 59 and 60: Pangil. A company there was issued
Page 61 and 62: Much remains to be done. The LK cla
Page 63 and 64: placed some boundary markers in the
Page 65 and 66: Another lesson learned is it is nec
Page 67 and 68: 4 Socio-economic framework for eval
Page 69 and 70: during this period because of the r
Page 71: 4.1.2 Economic profile The populati
Page 75 and 76: group representative, the mayor of
Page 77 and 78: Table 4.4 Results of the key-inform
Page 79 and 80: 4.2 Reforestation, Watershed Manage
Page 81 and 82: within 15 days of submission of the
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.3 Program for Granting Fin
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.5 Preferred development and
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.7 Total generating capacity
Page 89 and 90: Table 4.8 Approved reforestation, w
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.4 Flowchart of funds, paym
Page 93 and 94: Results of the survey of 100 respon
Page 95 and 96: In the event that allocations of gr
Page 97 and 98: DENR Administrative Order No. 13, S
Page 99: Republic Act No. 9136 (2001), ‘El
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