Complete thesis - Murdoch University

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is one mechanism for addressing the preference for global learning exhibited by some of ourstudents. Colours indicate mandatory (cyan), optional and extension material, and individualprogress may be recorded: the nodes can be decorated to indicate ‘in progress’ or ‘completed’.Notes may also be attached to a node by a student, (eg perhaps as a reminder to check somepoint with the lecturer).Figure A.5: The MCQ environment in the Software FactoryWhile the learning environment has as its focus activities/real-world problem solving, online/interactiveactivities cease to be meaningful if the student hits a snag and is unable toprogress from there. Scaffolds are cognitive tools to help students overcome this problem.Examples include exercises; explanations and background information; monitoring tools (tohelp students keep track of their progress); modelling scratchpads (software tools to createand manipulate models); problem hints; process coordinators(which guide the studentsthrough the complete task cycle); and planning tools (Jong, 2006).The purpose of scaffolding is to provide activity-sensitive help mechanisms. The SoftwareFactory provides examples of all these scaffolds, as appropriate, both as purpose-built activity463
help and underlying manuals. The former through a ‘help’ icon on an activity screen, whilethe latter is best demonstrated through the underlying help in the FM (Formal Methods)topics, where help is activated through ‘hot’ spots in the notation itself. Both of thesemechanisms are not imposed on the student, but are readily available. Links to the helpmechanisms are seamless, which enables the student to maintain focus on the learning activity,rather than on the task of retrieving aid.Students are also able to monitor their own conceptual understanding through the MCQenvironment (see Figure A.5). Described in greater detain in Roy and Armarego (2003) thisenvironment allows the teacher to set several parameters: whether the student can browse;whether a set of questions can be attempted more than once; time/date of test availability.Questions/answers/explanations are input and optionally assigned a degree of difficulty, witha ‘set’ composed by including/excluding specific questions. After an attempt, the studentchooses to have the test marked. Once marked short explanations can often be found underthe ‘?’ buttons. A database records visits, attempts and score achieved, with this informationavailable to the unit co-ordinator.A.4 Student cohort for ENG260Before 2002 the student cohort for ENG260 was predominantly SE majors (see Figure A.6),with a majority of students having completed their first year at <strong>Murdoch</strong>. The implication ofthis was an enculturation to the environment in the School of Engineering, as well as a clearindividual motivation to do well in this unit – it would determine student ability to completethe degree in their chosen discipline. However, in 2000 <strong>University</strong> policy changed to enablestudents with qualifications from a near-by technical college to articulate into programmesin the School of Engineering. These students came to Engineering at the commencementof second year, and consequently enrolled in ENG260 with very different expectations ofthe learning environment. A strong bi-polar distribution of the final marks for the ENG260during 2001 was a primary impetus for reflection and examination of the learning environmentand teaching style.464
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Educating Requirements Engineers in
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2.5.2 Towards a REBoK . . . . . . .
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5.4 The Murdoch context . . . . . .
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A.1 Curriculum components . . . . .
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5.5 Education for RE - Action Resea
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8.24 RoLI results for Vaughn . . .
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2.25 RE specific competencies for s
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.AbstractIt is acknowledged within
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.DeclarationI declare that this the
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This leap, from one lecturer to all
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on a positivist perspective - throu
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ary process should also be regarded
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(Kamsties et al, 1998; Morris et al
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same items of knowledge to be prese
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in RE education. In particular, ins
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derived from these and other source
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this interpretation can never be co
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The outcome of this study is an und
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possibilities arise as outcomes of
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The first section examines the real
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2.1 Practitioner perspectivesIn his
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themselves what they needed to know
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tencies are reinforced. He conclude
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Table 2.7: Lethbridge rankings: mos
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sonal and group attributes are cons
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eing able to apply a high level of
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on the perceived soft skills of the
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The first two items indicate a bi-p
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Table 2.12: Scott & Yates: top Engi
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Table 2.13: Scott & Wilson: top IS
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If marketing can tell you what they
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to technical problems that resemble
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positivism, situated along the cont
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and Scholes, 1990; Bulow, 1989). Th
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and to explore and describe require
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Figure 2.4: The catastrophe-cycle R
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meaning and a shared sense of parti
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assembled into a model bit by bit.
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4 May ...I doubt that they’re str
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The characteristics noted above pos
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• the evolution of a discipline t
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expertise - intuitive situational r
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Table 2.14: Levels of competenceJon
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to undertake Requirements Engineeri
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equirements analysis - the process
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Table 2.16: SEEK topicsTopic Bloom
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Topic Bloom Category HoursRequireme
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5. translate into natural language
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2.5.1 RE in model curricula and tex
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Figure 2.8: The computing space occ
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Guideline 11 the underlying and end
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Table 2.20: SE component of CC-CSSE
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Table 2.22: IS 2002.7 analysis and
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Representative exit characteristics
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• focused on the needs of the wor
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trol and maintenance of available I
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overview of informatics, especially
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Improvement Collaboration). In 1996
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to undertake these activities. In g
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• problem-solving practice• cor
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Chapter 3A framework for learning R
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worldview do not align with the cha
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in order to eliminate deviations or
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egarding new information. Mental mo
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mental models and beliefs that the
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element of the definition of a prob
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hypothesis evaluation - testing and
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equired by the task is required. Ab
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An additional aspect of expertise r
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• that a process of reflection (b
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• preliminary assumptions and obs
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answer, being evaluated; working un
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inhibited by environments that enge
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While behaviourism and cognitivism
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• the importance of socialisation
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Given these, a moderate level of tr
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the activities: from a priority giv
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The importance of dialogueLearning
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(Gobet and Wood, 1999).learning pro
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ticipating in communities of authen
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Lave et al (1988) suggested that le
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assumption is that a certain minimu
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use knowledge as opposed to passive
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in a domain may be attained through
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chunks, poorly indexed (and therefo
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If we summarise the findings on eac
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The perspective that suggests that
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• the evaluation of learning and
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Level 5 (ages 17-19) metaknowledge
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• support the learner in developi
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student needs to do, or they passiv
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taxonomy (Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980
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students are seen to be able to art
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development of abstract artefacts t
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through the traversal of layers, co
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• internal mental model - the acc
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• opportunity to develop cognitiv
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Chapter 4The research designThis ch
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4.1 Research in Education and ITEdu
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choice continue to be drawn from th
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• the increased importance of the
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intervene in some setting, or to en
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Owen (1997, p 37) presents a genera
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Design Research in ITThe new millen
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(promoting more efficient and effec
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Figure 4.1: Lewin’s spiral of Act
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outcomes - an action outcome whereb
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• it applies multiple techniques
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In conclusion, Action Research, as
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emphasise the importance of partici
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4.2.2 Mixed methodsSome researchers
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derived/validated measures that, in
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Table 4.4: Reflection in the Schola
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has recourse to in order to achieve
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theory and user of that theory, the
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Chapter 5Developing an Action Resea
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a model of organisational culture T
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context. Elliott (1982) refers to t
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disciplines. The continuing challen
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tionary cycles in 2002, 2003 and 20
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Figure 5.5: Education for RE - Acti
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Figure 5.6: Education for RE - Acti
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Students enrolled in ENG260 during
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year. This removed some inclination
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5.3.1 Diagnostic devicesThese inclu
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crete experience (CE) / abstract co
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)/
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affects the individual: it is hard
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personal learning ‘profile’. Al
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also examined. Reports from this ac
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Figure 5.9: Pedagogical dimensions
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cultural sensitivity - allow for cu
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esearch, others triggered by changi
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discipline, at this point based pri
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Sorter (Keirsey and Bates, 1984) wa
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ing: they respond to information pr
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Student example mind maps is shown
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or with assistance from group peers
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of the how do I do this? and what d
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• the ‘correct solution’ to e
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Table 6.2: Instruments applied to C
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• they expect a fundamentally com
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percentage of students were success
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students were comfortable in taking
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strategies on other units within SE
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Chapter 7Implementing a model for c
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This reflection on the outcomes of
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The next section describes changes
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visual where reading text is classe
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Teacher characteristicsThe results
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was well done. The implication of t
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7.2.1 Decoding the disciplineMajor
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necessary for the enhancement of cr
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• outcomes such as the developmen
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Figure 7.6: ENG260 learning objecti
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Table 7.4: Positive influences for
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• constraints are discovered that
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changing shared understanding withi
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Figure 7.9: Setting the scene MurSo
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• identification of the learning
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Figure 7.13: Self assessment suppor
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in the context of implementing Crea
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environment where the teacher was c
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and return to the classroom for the
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all the questions on the site (RM21
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the course) required exploration, s
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The formal assessment of the unit w
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Figure 7.17: Things to add/change/d
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Student E [best aspect]real world s
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the 41% with same or higher MO, 28.
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to set up meetings, discuss their a
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WEAKNESSES of the paper:The results
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paper!Software Engineers with an in
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neous to the tasks undertaken.As we
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ecome vital. Professional practitio
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programmes within Engineering, albe
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offerings at third and fourth year
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Although the strategy discussed and
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On reflectionA key component of the
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Figure 8.4: Positive comments made
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The profile of the student enrolled
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What the summary chart (see Figure
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Table 8.2 for a description of the
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Murdoch’s graduate attributes, to
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in effect a small collection of tex
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expectationstoo much learning too q
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Although the class sessions within
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understanding of how our assignment
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to ensure tasks were on schedule. T
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future design studios. [...] While
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eceived).Impact on student developm
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Simon In my opinion I learn more co
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Curriculum - changes to the RE comp
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equired them to either consult with
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‘whole of group’ work (which ma
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Table 8.8: Tasks and keys applied i
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Figure 8.19: Cumulative activity lo
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Alaina is the most focussed member
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interaction between students’ stu
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approach to the unit• Student 2 (
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As indicated previously (see Table
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Students preconceptions predispose
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cussed. When the unit is not aligne
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Chapter 9Conclusions26 April 2006 -
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The lack of alignment between the a
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a learning dialogue (Laurillard, 19
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and Intellectual Capability. Stance
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These feedback cycles of interventi
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socially through negotiation (Jonas
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Figure 9.2: A conceptual framework
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Table 9.4: Principles for the evalu
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Credibility Guba and Lincoln (1994)
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comment from the accreditation pane
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as a skill to be continually adapte
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for the landscape is SE 3 . As note
Page 431 and 432: individual preferred learning style
Page 433 and 434: in the learning theory behind the m
Page 435 and 436: The Studio Learning model provides
Page 437 and 438: BibliographyAdams-Price C E (ed) (1
Page 439 and 440: Aurum A, Handzic M and Gardiner A (
Page 441 and 442: Billett S (1996) “Towards a model
Page 443 and 444: Budgen D (2004) “Computing Curric
Page 445 and 446: Conklin J (2005) “Wicked problems
Page 447 and 448: Diaz-Herrera J L and Hilburn T B (e
Page 449 and 450: Ezzy D (2002) Qualitative Analysis:
Page 451 and 452: Glass R L (1995) “A theory about
Page 453 and 454: Hatten R A (1997) Guidelines for Ef
Page 455 and 456: Jonassen D H (2000) “Towards a de
Page 457 and 458: Lave J, Smith S and Butler M (1988)
Page 459 and 460: Lubars M, Potts C and Richer C (199
Page 461 and 462: Meyer J H F and Boulton-Lewis G M (
Page 463 and 464: Norton L S, Owens T and Clark L (20
Page 465 and 466: Reeves T C (1994) “Evaluating wha
Page 467 and 468: Scott G and Wilson D N (2002) “Tr
Page 469 and 470: Suwa M, Gero J and Purcell T (2000)
Page 471 and 472: Watson H J, Young D, Miranda S, Rob
Page 473 and 474: Appendix AThe Murdoch contextAs not
Page 475 and 476: components.These are common to all
Page 477 and 478: Table A.1: Kolb Learning Style Inve
Page 479 and 480: a strong and important minority: th
Page 481: sections. Once authenticated as a m
Page 485 and 486: Appendix BInstrumentsAlthough most
Page 487 and 488: 3. How useful have the details of t
Page 489 and 490: B.2 School of Engineering Year Surv
Page 491 and 492: B.3 Student Surveys of UnitsUnivers
Page 493 and 494: B.4 Attachment 1: Educational Relev
Page 495 and 496: Systems Theoryand PracticeRequireme
Page 497 and 498: Fundamentals ofDesignHuman Computer
Page 499 and 500: numbers (e.g. 2.5,4.5). The scales
Page 501 and 502: Topics not specifiedabove:Topic:Top
Page 503 and 504: Creativityinstead (eg RE Topicsinst
Page 505 and 506: analysis,interpretation anddecision
Page 507 and 508: following activities during the las
Page 509 and 510: Non-profit associationOther, please
Page 511 and 512: managementprocessquality andimprove
Page 513 and 514: teststhroughRequirementsManagementc
Page 515 and 516: Appendix CStudent Reflective Journa
Page 517 and 518: Alaina Week 3What did I achieve thi
Page 519 and 520: DermotWeek 10This week has been goo
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