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smooth motion of the satellite in orbit, the changes are small and can be modeled by low-order polynomial functions. 4. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Digital Surface Model (DSM) A digital terrain model (DTM) is a 3D digital representation of the Earth's terrain or topography. Automatic DTM extraction involves the automatic extraction of elevation information from imagery and the subsequent creation of a 3D digital representation of the Earth's surface. A DTM represents the elevation associated with the Earth's topography and not necessarily the human-made (e.g., buildings) or natural (e.g., trees) features located on the Earth’s surface. A digital surface model (DSM) represents the elevation associated with the Earth's surface including topography and all natural or human-made features located on the Earth’s surface. The primary difference between a DSM and a DTM is that the DTM represents the Earth’s terrain whereas a DSM represents the Earth's surface. Figure below illustrates a DSM. DIGITAL SURFACE MODEL OF AN AREA DTM OF SAME AREA Figure App 20.8: DSM Modelling 217
Figure App 20.9: DTM Modeling Digital Photogrammetry allows for the automatic extraction of DSMs and DTMs. In order to automatically extract topography only, specific parameters governing the elevation extraction process must be specified. However, typically additional editing outside of the DTM extraction process is required to obtain a 3D topographic representation only. This process is referred to as DTM editing. DTM editing techniques are used to remove invalid elevation points in order to create an accurate representation of the Earth's topography and surface. Imagery serves as the primary source of data input for the automatic extraction of DTMs. DTMs can only be extracted if two or more overlapping images are available. Prior to the automatic extraction of DTMs, sensor model information associated with an image must be available. This includes internal and external sensor model information. Using OrthoBASE Pro, the interior orientation of an image must be defined and the exterior orientation of the image must be estimated or known from another source such as airborne GPS/INS. Without the internal and external sensor model 218
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High Resolution 1:10,000 scale Mapp
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6 7 8 9 5.4 Mapping Requirement for
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TECHNOLOGY FOR 1:10,000 SCALE MAPPI
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10 11 Table 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3
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Appendix No. Heading no. APPENDICES
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XIV APP 13.1 Methodology For Aerial
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APP 19.9 Pure Server - Map Servers
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Figure APP 5.2 Figure APP 5.3 Table
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Figure APP 20.4 Design of GCP Libra
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CWC Central Water Commission LIDRA
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BMTPC Building Materials and Techno
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Formerly known as PUCC, the Digital
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The Toronto Mono Viewer (TMV) is an
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Preamble Map is an attempt to depic
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Survey of India is already in posse
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uildings can be comfortably depicte
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The seismo-tectonics of India is un
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Figure 2. 2: Landslide Hazard Map (
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The combined threat from these majo
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prepared at various accuracies. For
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CHAPTER 3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
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SN PHASE DESCRIPTION 1 PLANNING 2 M
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egional, city, state and national l
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GIS DATABASE FOR DISASTER MANAGEMEN
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quantitative in nature and GIS is u
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4. Source Procurement: passive and
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India meteorological department is
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QUALITY CHECK FOR IMPACT FOR HAZARD
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SUMMRY FOR CYCLONE HAZARD ZONATION
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Mostly the coastal districts of Wes
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1. Aerial mapping at scale 1:2,000
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e. Selection of the predictive rela
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Studies and other information PHASE
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Solution: It is assumed that the at
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For example earthquake 1 gives an i
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CHAPTER 6 METHODOLOGY FOR FLOOD HAZ
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Figure 6.2 : Major rivers in India
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Andhra Pradesh coastal rivers Penne
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Indus river basin Rivers flowing in
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Year 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
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Figure 6.4 : Year wise total damage
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extent of flooding for an expected
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METHODOLOGY OF FLOOD HAZARD ZONING
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Catchment Area Rainfall measurement
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BASE MAP INFORMATION Land surface r
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and hilly areas, which corresponds
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7. The DEM/DSM/DTM model to be crea
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CHAPTER 7 METHODOLOGY FOR HAZARD MA
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should show the locations of previo
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LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION MODELING
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MAPPING REQUIREMENT FOR LANDSLIDE H
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was that ground control points (GCP
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The following methodologies may be
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scanners, large format digital line
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Generation 0.5 m 1 m 2.5 m 5m and A
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A brief comparative of the various
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1:10,000 0.25 m 2.5 m 1:16,000 0.25
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Some of the available sensors resol
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Distance between successive ground
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� Ortho-rectified geo-coded produ
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CARTOSAT 1 There is now an increasi
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Standard Products 01 02 03 Radiomet
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performance star sensors, imaging a
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Digital data format- Geo TIFF Preci
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Spectral Range 450-900 nm Swath Wid
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miles) per day of half-meter imager
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CHAPTER 11 REQUIRED ACCURACIES Earl
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changed on UTM). 5. Theme Content C
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cent of the country is covered. The
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accuracies in X, Y and Z director,
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2) 2D feature extraction Extraction
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perceptions, accuracy of Contour ge
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8. AQC system based on NSD / OGC /
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Resampling NN Not Applicable KD16 F
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Product Type � All Geocoded produ
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Full Vectorization Except Contours
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IKONOS HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IM
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� There is a 210 sq. km minimum o
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Optical Data Processing Options Opt
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Core Processor Inertially Aided RTK
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The Task Force constituted Thematic
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APPENDICES App 1
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Zone and district management - Main
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Sensitive zones impact/damage DESIG
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5 Performance resolution obtained.
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Phase I: Development Diagnosis, Str
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Studies and other information Anima
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All tropical cyclones are areas of
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Deep Depression Cyclonic Storm Seve
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depression and moves overland in se
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the deaths of about 1 million perso
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APPENDIX IV METHODOLOGY FOR HAZARD
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The intra plate earthquakes such as
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into Euranasian Plate at a rate of
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of the normal perimeter of the body
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Infact, magnitude is the measuremen
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Degree Force Behavioral effects Str
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EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ESTIMATE ISOSIESM
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influencing factors are the propert
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Mass wasting is a generic term refe
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Water Table Potential Failure Plane
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C + ( γ -mγw)zcosβ cosβ tanΦ S
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τ shear stress σ normal stress μ
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APPENDIX VI SATELITE IMAGING TECHNI
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2 3 4 5 Laser and radar altimeters
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more detail, less coverage. The ski
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2 3 4 Spectral resolution Radiometr
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Analysis is the recently developed
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3 4 Variables mapped on uniform spa
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Figure App 6.1: Elements of image R
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Viewing Direction The first imaging
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CCD- configuration Most of the sens
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Multi spectral information Sensors
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handed system. ITRF is a set of poi
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way monuments or control points. Th
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2 3 4 5 6 New software is now intro
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Research has expanded to include an
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DWG, SVC, and ASV. In order to comp
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SPOT-4 Franc e 3/24/1998 10 20 120
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Hi-res Sterio Imaging China 7/1/200
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To The Chief Secretaries of all Sta
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(b) Security Clearance for Aerial P
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vicinity of Vas/VPs, the requiremen
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the flight track flown by the aircr
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(c) Unrestricted: All AP/ABRSD&I ot
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the three Services Intelligence Age
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(v) All transfers of photographs/im
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(x) without internet connectivity.
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Copy forwarded to:- All Ministries/
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(g) Type of Camera/sensor being use
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(xii) Travelling allowance/daily al
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photography/remote sensing. (ii) No
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Land; VGL- Very Good Land; MGL - Mo
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GCPS (GPS) Field verification and d
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Business Hotel Hostel Guest house C
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Religious Antiquities Utility Cente
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Other Institutions Welfare/reli ef/
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Centre Line of River < 3 m River be
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Canal Features Communication Works
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Pier Light house Lightship Buoy Tid
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Level Crossing Speed Bump/ Speed Hu
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Air traffic control (ATC) Tower Lan
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Inland Wetlands Water-Logged Marshy
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Power Line infrastructure Pylon Pyl
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Oil Pipe Line Infrastructure Oil St
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Solid waste collection points Compo
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Tahsil/Taluk/Mandal/Pragana Block V
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ecognized internationally or approv
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FIDUCIAL MARKS IN NEGATIVES AND CAL
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o In the upper left-hand corner: Da
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may be cause for rejection. However
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APPENDIX XIV NRSA EMPANELMENT PROCE
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hrs. & 1600 hrs. You may also down
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2.5.1 GPS control points list with
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5 b 5 c 5 d 5 e 5 f 5 g Working in
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11 Other relevant information (plea
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Exterior Orientation (EO) file -( e
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04 Technical employees who are on t
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Scale Contour Interval Any other ma
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APPENDIX XV AERIAL MAPPING- LIST OF
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Optech a privately owned company, O
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Applanix Mobile Mapping and Positio
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Fairchild Imaging develops and manu
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Page 329 and 330: NOVATEL INC NovAtel Inc. is a leadi
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Page 333 and 334: GEOEYE GeoEye, Inc. is a premier pr
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Page 339 and 340: 77. Trimble Navigation India Pvt. L
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Page 343 and 344: OTHER GIS TOOLS- UNCLASSIFIED 1. Ch
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Page 347 and 348: ERDAS ERDAS IMAGINE Yes No Yes No N
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Page 353 and 354: PURE SERVER - MAP SERVERS Name Lang
Page 355 and 356: MIXED Name Language WMS WFS WFS-T W
Page 357 and 358: PURE WEB CLIENT LIBRARIES Name Lang
Page 359 and 360: t MOBILE CLIENTS LICENSE & PLATFORM
Page 361 and 362: gvSIG Mini Yes Yes No Yes No No No
Page 363 and 364: - Product Size (Worldview) will be
Page 365 and 366: constantly change in time. It is th
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Page 369 and 370: geodetic datum. GPS observations ar
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Page 375 and 376: Figure App 20.7: Imaging procedure
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Page 385 and 386: Figure App 20.10 a,b : Orthoimagery
Page 387 and 388: APPENDIX- XXI POSSIBLE PPP MODEL WI
Page 389 and 390: private players who can generate th
Page 391 and 392: employees in 1999. The ban on fresh
Page 393 and 394: (f) envisage that the respective ow
Page 395 and 396: Core Activities SOI Repetetive Acti
Page 397 and 398: ights of each zone on the basis of
Page 399 and 400: 11. Remote monitoring and online da
Page 401 and 402: • Available with a number of opti
Page 403 and 404: • 2 GPS Receivers, Dual Frequency
Page 405 and 406: earthquake/disaster areas, landslid
Page 407 and 408: 6) SYSTEM COMPONENTS Airborne Surve
Page 409 and 410: Parameter Gimbal encoder input, AUX
Page 411: • Airborne Survey PCS Firmware Op
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