Inventory and Survey Methods for Nonindigenous Plant Species (PDF)

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Chapter 3 • Landscape-Scale Wildland Inventoriesably faster than methods that primarily use polygonsor lines, thus helping to reduce inventory/survey costs(Andersen et al. 2003; Ballard et al. 2003). In the case studymentioned above, crews were able to inventory an averageof 10 to 15 acres per person per hour over gently undulatingterrain.Methods and data standards used by USU are compatiblewith North American Weed Management Association PlantMapping Standards (NAWMA 2003). Data obtained usingthe USU method can be used for a variety of purposes,including strategic planning, tracking changes in overallNIS distribution and abundance over time, and calculatingacreage-based control costs. This method is not intendedto provide data for site-specific monitoring purposes ordetailed statistical analysis (Dewey and Andersen 2004),although the data collected can be used to relocate populationsfor future monitoring. For methodologies designedspecifically for vegetation monitoring the reader is referredto publications by Elzinga et al. (1998) and Winward (2000).ReferencesAndersen, K., S. Dewey, and M. Ballard. 2003. Field techniques forimproving accuracy and efficiency of GPS wildland weed surveys. Page87 in Proceedings, Western Society of Weed Science, Vol. 56. Paperspresented at the Annual Meeting, March 11-13, 2003, Kauai, Hawaii.Newark, CA: Western Society of Weed Science.Ballard, M., S. Dewey, and K. Andersen. 2003. Using GPS point features todescribe spot, line, and area infestations in wildland weed surveys. Page86 in Proceedings, Western Society of Weed Science, Vol. 56. Paperspresented at the Annual Meeting, March 11-13, 2003, Kauai, Hawaii.Newark, CA: Western Society of Weed Science.Dewey, S., K. Andersen, M. Ballard, J. Simonsen, R. Richards, and E.Lamalfa. 2003. Invasive non-native plant inventory conducted inportions of Arches, Canyonlands, Hovenweep, Natural Bridges, BlackCanyon, and Zion National Parks. Annual Progress Report (8 volumes).Denver, CO: Intermountain Regional Office of the National Park Service.Dewey, S. A. and K. A. Andersen. 2004. Distinct roles of surveys, inventories,and monitoring in adaptive weed management. Weed Technol.18:1449-1452.Dewey, S. A. and K. A. Andersen. 2005a. Determining effective searchswath widths for wildland weed surveys. Page 27 in Proceedings,Western Society of Weed Science, Vol. 58. Papers presented at the AnnualMeeting, March 8-10, 2005, Vancouver, BC. Newark, CA: WesternSociety of Weed Science.Dewey, S. A. and K. A. Andersen. 2005b. Quality assurance measures fornoxious weed surveys on wildlands (abstract 121). Page 37 in WSSAAbstracts, Vol. 45. 2005 Meeting of the Weed Science Society of America,February 7-10, 2005, Honolulu, Hawaii. Lawrence, KS: Weed ScienceSociety of America.Dewey, S. A. and K. A. Andersen. 2005c. An inventory of noxious weedplants in Zion National Park (2003-2004) – Final Report. Prepared forthe National Park Service, Northern Colorado Plateau Network by UtahState University; Plants, Soils, and Biometeorology Department; WeedScience Research Project Report No. SD0521A, 33 p. plus appendices.http://www1.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ncpn/Reports.cfm.Dewey, S. A. and K. A. Andersen. 2005d. An Inventory of Invasive NonnativePlants in Arches National Park (2003-2004) – Final Report.Prepared for the National Park Service, Northern Colorado PlateauNetwork by Utah State University; Plants, Soils, and Biometeorology;Weed Science Research Project Report No. SD0510A, 30 pp. plusappendices. http://www1.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ncpn/Reports.cfm.Elzinga, C. L., D. W. Salzer, and J. W. Willoughby. 1998. Pages 1-10 inMeasuring and monitoring plant populations. USDI-BLM TechnicalReference 1730-1 BLM/RS/ST-98/005+1730.Kuchler, A. W. and I. S. Zonneveld (eds.). 1988. Pages 193-202 in VegetationMapping, Handbook of Vegetation Science, Vol. 10. Boston, MA: KluwerAcademic Publishers.[NAWMA] North America Weed Management Association. 2003. NorthAmerican Invasive Plant Mapping Standards. http://www.nawma.org.Winward, A. 2000. Monitoring the vegetation resources in riparian areas.Pages 10-32 in USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-47. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station. 49 p.32Inventory and Survey Methods for Nonindigenous Plant Species
Chapter 4Digital Aerial Sketch-Mapping for EarlyDetection and MappingJason W. Karl and Mark PorterIntroductionAn ideal technique for conducting cost-effective andtimely nonindigenous species (NIS) inventories/surveysin large, rugged landscapes would allow detectionof multiple species at a time, would not be overlysensitive to environmental conditions, and could bereadily performed by most experienced weed managerswithout extensive training. Digital aerial sketch-mapping(DASM) was pioneered by the USDA Forest Serviceto detect infestations of forest insects and pathogens(Morris 2001). Using DASM, a trained observer inan aircraft draws locations of infected stands on atouch-sensitive, digital, moving-map computer display(McConnell et al. 2000), downloads the informationimmediately upon landing, and gives it to land managersfor treatment of infected areas. Here we proposea standard protocol for conducting DASM for nonindigenousplant species, review technical requirements forconducting DASM, and discuss practical considerationsaffecting the efficacy of DASM as an inventory/surveytechnique.Survey ProtocolProtocols for digital aerial sketch-mapping ofnonindigenous plant species (NIS) were derived fromthose used in mapping forest pathogens (Pywell et al. 2001;B.C. Ministry of Forests 2000) and surveying big gamepopulations (Unsworth et al. 1999), with modificationsspecific to plants. Since survey protocols aid researchers incontrolling for factors that could confound results, deviatingfrom the protocols can seriously affect the quality of datacollected. Once an inventory/survey protocol has been set,such factors as the number of observers, type of aircraftused, flight pattern, and survey subunits should not bechanged during successive flights (Unsworth et al. 1999).Simply put, DASM is a method for rapidly identifying andrecording NIS infestations over large areas. Hence, DASMcan be employed within the context of either a full inventoryor a (biased or unbiased) survey. Due to flight costs,however, DASM is most commonly used in a biased surveyapproach where areas with a high likelihood of target NISare prioritized for searching, and lower priority areas areeither not searched or are searched with less effort.Selecting Targets and Timing theInventory/SurveyFlights should be designed around one or a few NIS toaid delineation of survey areas and timing. It is importantto understand the life history and habitat associations oftarget NIS so that the detection reliability can be judged andthe appropriate time of year for conducting surveys can beidentified.Aerial mapping should be timed to coincide with thephenological stage of the target species that is most visible tothe human observer. Many plants have certain phenologicalstages that are more distinct than others (see Lass andCallihan 1997), while other species may be difficult to detectregardless of their growth stage. Likewise, the minimumpatch size (i.e., survey resolution) that can be reliably identifiedby observers may also vary by species, although it canbe assumed that smaller patches and individual plants willbe more difficult to detect than larger patches. Almost anyplant species or any size patch is detectable if the observercan get close enough to it. However, the closer to the groundand slower the flight required to identify target species(i.e., to obtain finer resolution), the less cost efficient DASMsurveys become because less area per unit time is covered.One advantage of DASM over other techniques forcovering large areas is that the observer is able to detectoccurrences of nontarget NIS over the course of the survey.It is important, however, to recognize that detections ofnontarget NIS during DASM may not be reliable indicatorsof their actual distribution within the study area for severalreasons. First, detection rates of NIS patches may decreasewith patch size (i.e., it is harder to see small patches than tosee large ones). Second, flights designed around maximumvisibility of one target NIS may not be optimal for nontargetspecies. In a trial DASM flight for hoary cress (Cardariadraba) conducted in Hells Canyon, Idaho, on May 17, 2004,we also detected 26 patches of Dalmatian toadflax (Linariadalmatica). A subsequent flight over the same area targetingDalmatian toadflax in full bloom on June 14, 2004, found a350% increase of Dalmatian toadflax (91 patches) detected.Despite the potential limitations of mapping nontarget NIS,such incidental observations can be quite useful and shouldbe recorded when observed.SubunitsA DASM inventory/survey area may be divided intosubunits, making it easier to track progress during the flight,quantify effective area sampled, and estimate confidenceintervals of detection rates and population sizes. Properlydefined subunits help focus the sampling and increase itsefficiency. Subunits can be any size, but Unsworth et al.33Inventory and Survey Methods for Nonindigenous Plant Species
Page 1: Inventory andSurvey Methodsfor Noni
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Page 6: IntroductionLisa J. Rew, Steven R.
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Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2Data ManagementMandy TuInt
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Page 77: ContributorsContributorsKimberley A

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