to download the document in PDF format - Child Centre: Expert ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

As the genre is so new, there have been few achievements with respect to child protectionand social networking sites. Like much of the Internet, the sites themselves often gounmonitored and unregulated. They are largely dependent on the end-user to act as apolice force by reporting any inappropriate content to the site administrators. As a result,effort has been placed on trying to ensure the end-user is age appropriate and can makeappropriate decisions. Some sites have set minimum age registrations for use of their pages,most often being 13 years of age. In order to prevent children from falsely representingtheir ages, some technologies have been implemented to attempt verification. 3735.6 Software Manufacturers and Online GamingRecognising that there is an insufficient amount of law enforcement personnel to personallyscan every suspected image of child abuse, other mechanisms for the investigations ofInternet crimes against children are required. A few computerised databases containingchild abuse images and images of those involved in the abuse, have been developed withthe assistance of private sector software manufacturers. In 2003, Imagis formally launchedChildBase, a program that digitalises images and in minutes provides information aboutits content. 374 This particular database saves law enforcement agencies significant time as itmatches pictures to determine if the image has been viewed by someone else on a previousoccasion. As well, this software cross-references facial features that do not change, evenwith aging. As well, the software can identify where the abuse took place by focusing onthe physical environment and the architectural features. For instance, a child abuse picturecontaining a unique looking roof directed law enforcement officials to a country, city andneighbourhood where they would be able to find a roof similar to that contained in thepicture. It is interesting to note that Imagis sells its software to police departments.A similar software database has been designed and sponsored by Microsoft Canada, afterthey received a plea from Canadian law enforcements. Child Exploitation Tracking System(CETS), a $US 2.5 million project funded by Microsoft International, provides advancedsoftware tools and technology to be used by investigators. Developed in partnership withthe Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Toronto Police Service, CETS serves asa good example of how law enforcements and the software industry can work together.This tracking system does not repeat information but rather links criminal behaviouronline and allows computer systems from different countries and different technologies tocommunicate with one another.Online games are games played over some form of computer network. At the present, thisalmost always means the Internet or equivalent technology; but games have always used92|Private Sector Accountability in Combating the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
whatever technology was current: modems before the Internet, and hard-wired terminalsbefore modems. The expansion of online gaming has reflected the overall expansion ofcomputer networks from small local networks to the Internet and the growth of Internetaccess itself. Online games can range from simple text based games to games incorporatingcomplex graphics and virtual worlds populated by many players simultaneously. Manyonline games have associated online communities, making online games a form of socialactivity beyond single player games.The rising popularity of Flash and Java led to an Internet revolution where websites couldutilise streaming video, audio, and a whole new set of user interactivity. When Microsoftbegan packaging Flash as a pre-installed component of Internet Explorer, the Internetbegan to shift from a data/information spectrum to also offer on-demand entertainment.This revolution paved the way for sites to offer games to web surfers. Most online gamescharge a monthly fee to subscribe to their services, although some offer an alternativeno monthly fee scheme. Many other sites relied on advertising revenues from on-sitesponsors, while others, let people play for free while leaving the players the option ofpaying, unlocking new content for the members.The challenge with online gaming is the virtual nature of the medium. What occurs onlinemay be occurring offline as well but there appears to be only anecdotal evidence tosupport this. For example, law enforcement have reported that upon infiltrating child sexoffender networks they have found references to discussions among the network and eventrading of virtual money to purchase virtual child pornography. 375Online multiplayer interactive games are a boom business, notably in North and SoutheastAsia, and draw in millions of people. This business, involving both fantasy game-playingand gambling sites, will be promoted and expanded greatly in the near future. Handheldgames consoles with Internet capabilities will further promote virtual interactions. Onlinegames potentially provide a new platform where children and young people will be exposedto solicitations and potentially harmful interactions with other people online. Social impactassessments from a child protection perspective appear not to be available. 3765.7 Global ResponsesOne of the major obstacles to overcome in combating CSEC online is the internationaldimension of the problem. In January 1999, UNESCO sponsored the “Expert Meetingon the Sexual Abuse of Children, Child Pornography and Pedophilia on the Internet”,in Paris. 377 This conference was designed to bring together experts in all relevant fieldsPrivate Sector Accountability in Combating the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children|93
Page 5 and 6:
PRIVATE SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITYIN COM
Page 7 and 8:
3. Travel and Tourism Sub-Sector 63
Page 9 and 10:
Executive SummarySince the First an
Page 11 and 12:
from the sale of child pornography
Page 13 and 14:
1.1 Defining Commercial Sexual Expl
Page 15 and 16:
The issue of commercial sexual expl
Page 17 and 18:
1.2.1 Transnational and multination
Page 19 and 20:
offer stronger protections against,
Page 21 and 22:
1.3 Defining Corporate Social Respo
Page 23 and 24:
Parliament passed a law requiring a
Page 25 and 26:
2. International Standards and the
Page 27 and 28:
In terms of international law, the
Page 29 and 30:
alia: establish the grounds for cri
Page 31 and 32:
The ILO Convention No. 138, Concern
Page 33 and 34:
2.4 Existing Legal Mechanisms to En
Page 35 and 36:
2.4.2 Existing mechanisms for regul
Page 37 and 38:
Governments play an auxiliary role
Page 39:
lack of ) monitoring and enforcemen
Page 42 and 43:
who follow relevant international l
Page 44 and 45:
the Commentary references the rule
Page 46 and 47:
2.4.2.1.2.1 Tripartite DeclarationT
Page 48 and 49:
Unlike the preceding sections, whic
Page 50 and 51: A major criticism of the Tripartite
Page 52 and 53: MNEs are asked to respect worker’
Page 54 and 55: Guidelines voluntary, but non-OECD
Page 56 and 57: An alternative to the above is to r
Page 58 and 59: freedom from state interference in
Page 60 and 61: During the Nuremburg Tribunals, Ger
Page 62 and 63: ATCA expanded liability for interna
Page 64 and 65: Pursuant to the holding in Kadic re
Page 66 and 67: The Court could establish jurisdict
Page 68 and 69: likely come across similar obstacle
Page 70 and 71: ecognised by customary internationa
Page 72 and 73: The report draws together a number
Page 74 and 75: means of fostering international pe
Page 76 and 77: a resolution, as well, in which it
Page 78 and 79: The Swedish document was originally
Page 80 and 81: services are designed to combat chi
Page 82 and 83: into contact with individuals who c
Page 84 and 85: children’s perception of the worl
Page 86 and 87: advertisement. The European adverti
Page 88 and 89: high-profile case in the US where a
Page 90 and 91: child actors have gone on in adulth
Page 92 and 93: 5. New Technologies Sub-Sector5.1 C
Page 94 and 95: North American cases illustrate how
Page 96 and 97: With the advent of the social netwo
Page 98 and 99: up to $US 500 if they violate the c
Page 102 and 103: - children’s rights advocates, go
Page 104 and 105: law enforcement agencies, but equal
Page 106 and 107: 6. Financial Sub-SectorIt has been
Page 108 and 109: law enforcement is having trouble u
Page 110 and 111: encourage cooperation and follow-up
Page 112 and 113: emedies against all corporations op
Page 114 and 115: Another important objective of the
Page 116 and 117: Endnotes1 Mark Erik Hecht is an aca
Page 118 and 119: 35Canada. Industry Canada. Corporat
Page 120 and 121: 84On 31 Jan. 1999, UN Secretary-Gen
Page 122 and 123: 110Norms, D.111Norms, point 5. (Rea
Page 124 and 125: 143Ibid., “General Policies.” P
Page 126 and 127: 179Ibid., Annex, III: Global Report
Page 128 and 129: of the Guidelines).212Ibid., Part I
Page 130 and 131: 258Ibid.259UNWTO Report to the UN G
Page 132 and 133: 310Ibid., 12.311Council of Europe,
Page 134 and 135: Germany and South Africa, ISPs are
Page 137: The World Congress III against Sexu
show all

to download the document in PDF format - Child Centre: Expert ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?