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258Ibid.259UNWTO Report to the UN General Assembly of 2005, www.unwto.org/ethics/status/en/pdf/a_60_167_e.pdf260Universal Federation of Travel Agents Associations. Child and Travel Agent’s Charter. 1997. Accessed on 14 Oct.2008 from: www.unwto.org/protect_children/partners/uftaa-a.htm261International Federation of Tour Operators (FTO). Code of Conduct against the Sexual Exploitation of Children.1998. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.unwto.org/protect_children/partners/uftaa-a.htm262FTO Responsible Tourism Committee. Statement of Commitment. 2003. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.fto.co.uk/responsilbe_tourism/best_practice/263Federation of International Youth Travel Organisations (FIYTO). Resolution by FIYTO to Combat Child SexTourism. 1997. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.unwto.org/protect_children/264International Federation of Women’s Travel Organisations. Resolution against Sex Tourism. 1996. Accessed on 14Oct. 2008 from: www.unwto.org/protect_children/partners/ifwtoa-a.htm265International Union of Food, Agriculture, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Associations(IUF/UITA/IUL). Resolution on Prostitution Tourism. 1996. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.unwto.org/protect_children/partners/iuf-a.htm266International Air Transport Association (IATA). Final Resolution Condemning Commercial Sexual Exploitationof Children. 1996. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.unwto.org/protect_children/partners/iata-a.htm267International Hotel and Restaurant Association. Mission Statement. 1996. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from:www.unwto.org/protect_children/partners/iha-a.htm268Group of National Travel Agents and Tour Operators Association within the European Union (ECTAA).ECTAA Declaration against Child Sex Tourism. 1996. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.unwto.org/protect_children/partners/ectaa-a.htm269Confederation of the National Association of Hotels, Restaurants, Cafés and Similar Establishments in theEuropean Union and European Economic Area (Hotrec). Declaration against the Sexual Exploitation of Children,(1997).270Ibid.271“Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and SocialCommittee and the Committee of the Regions.” Implementation of Measures to Combat Child Sex Tourism, COM1999. Brussels: May 1999. 262.272ASEM Resource Centre, Child Welfare Initiative. Protecting Our Children Together. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008from: www.asem.org/Documents/UnitedKingdom/Protecting/Protecting4.htm273“Signatory Companies.” Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel andTourism. New York: April 29, 2005. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.thecode.org274Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism. New York: April 29,2005. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.thecode.org275Accor Asia. “The First Annual Report 2003/2004 on Implementation of Code of Conduct for the Protectionof Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism.” Annual Report 2003/2004. New York: 2004. 7.Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.thecode.org276Ibid., 18.277TUI Thomson (UK). “Annual Report 2002/2003 on Implementation of Code of Conduct for the Protectionof Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism.” Annual Report 2001/2002. New York: 2002. 5.Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.thecode.org278MyTravel Northern Europe. “Annual Report 2002/2003 on Implementation of Code of Conduct for theProtection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism.” Annual Report 2001/2002. 7. Accessedon 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.thecode.org279ECPAT. The Code Quarterly. Newsletter: March-June 2005. 3. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.thecode.org280In Costello-Roberts v. United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights held that a State “could notabsolve itself of responsibility by delegating its obligations to private bodies or individuals.” For details see:Save the Children UK. “The Private Sector as Service Provider and Its Role in Implementing Child Rights.”Submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child Theme Day 2002. Geneva: 20 Sept., 2002.122|Private Sector Accountability in Combating the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
281Australian Federation of Travel Agents (AFTA). Code of Ethics. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.afta.com.au282Child Wise, ECPAT in Australia. Travel with Care. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.ecpat.org/preventingchild-sex-tourism.php283Child Wise. Choose With Care. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.ecpat.org/our-vision.php284Ibid.285Child Wise. Child Wise Tourism. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.ecpat.org/our-vision.php286Project Respect. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.respect.at287ECPAT Italy. Code of Conduct for the Italian Tourism Industry. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.ecpat.it/comeaiutarci/testocodice/testocodiceeng.html288A.B. Baker. “Are Standards Becoming Standard Operating Procedures? An International Update.” InternationalBusiness Ethics Review, 8 (1), Spring/Summer 2005, 1.289B. Jeffcot, L. Yanz. “Codes of Conduct: The Debates.” Maquila Solidarity Network: ETAG Discussion Paper 1:Feb., 2000. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.maquilasolidarity.org/resources/codes/bluebooklet.htm290Save the Children UK. The Private Sector as Service Provider and Its Role in Implementing Child Rights.Submissionto the Committee on the Rights of the Child Theme Day 2002. Geneva: 20 Sept., 2002.291International Business Ethics Institute (IBEI). Institutional Program Assistance Education and Training. 2005.Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.business-ethics.org292Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.namaocerta.org.br (in Portuguese)293“Engaging workers’ and employers’ organisations in the fight against child trafficking; a good practice fromBurkina Faso.” (LUTRENA project; Dakar, 2007).294IPEC. The Spring Rain Campaign: Promoting safe migration on the railway networks (Geneva: ILO, 2008).295K. Holman, A. White. Prime Time for Children: Media, Ethics and Reporting of Commercial Sexual Exploitation.Paper presented at the World Congress on Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, 27-31 Aug., 1996.Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.usemb.se/children/csec/prime_time_for_children.html296Ibid.297M. E. Bar-On et al. “Sexuality, Contraception, and the Media.” (2001) American Academy of Pediatrics: Committeeon Public Education, 107 (1), 2001. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;107/1/191.298APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls.Washington, DC, 2007. 6.299UN Commission on Human Rights. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution andchild pornography (E/1998/101). 1998. Para. 39.300S. Gigli. Children, Youth and Media around the World: An Overview of Trends and Issues. Paper presented to the4th World Summit on Media for Children and Adolescents, April 2004. 2.301Peter McIntyre. Child Rights and the Media-Putting Children in the Right: Guidelines for Journalists and MediaProfessionals. Brussels: International Federation of Journalists Press Center, 2002. 26.302K. Holman, A. White. Prime Time for Children: Media, Ethics and Reporting of Commercial Sexual Exploitation.Paper presented at the World Congress on Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, 27-31 Aug., 1996.Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.usemb.se/children/csec/prime_time_for_children.html303International Federation of Journalists (IFJ). Tourism and Child Abuse: The Challenges to Media and Industry.Brussels: 1 Oct., 2000. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.ifj.org/pdfs/childconference2000.pdf304IFJ. Journalism 2000: Child Rights and the Media. Proceedings of a Conference: Phase II of the Child Rights and theMedia Project. 27 May, 1998. Accessed on 14 Oct. 2008 from: www.ifj.org305R. Kaplan. Accuracy and Consistency: The Media and Human Rights. Switzerland: International Council on theHuman Rights Policy, 2001.306IFJ. Tourism and Child Abuse: The Challenges to Media and Industry. Brussels: 1 Oct., 2000. Accessed on 14 Oct.2008 from: www.ifj.org/pdfs/childconference2000.pdf307Ibid.308P. McIntyre. Child Rights and the Media-Putting Children in the Right: Guidelines for Journalists and MediaProfessionals. Brussels: International Federation of Journalists Press Center, 2002.309Ibid., 8.Private Sector Accountability in Combating the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children|123
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PRIVATE SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITYIN COM
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3. Travel and Tourism Sub-Sector 63
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Executive SummarySince the First an
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from the sale of child pornography
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1.1 Defining Commercial Sexual Expl
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The issue of commercial sexual expl
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1.2.1 Transnational and multination
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offer stronger protections against,
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1.3 Defining Corporate Social Respo
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Parliament passed a law requiring a
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2. International Standards and the
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In terms of international law, the
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alia: establish the grounds for cri
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The ILO Convention No. 138, Concern
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2.4 Existing Legal Mechanisms to En
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2.4.2 Existing mechanisms for regul
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Governments play an auxiliary role
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lack of ) monitoring and enforcemen
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who follow relevant international l
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the Commentary references the rule
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2.4.2.1.2.1 Tripartite DeclarationT
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Unlike the preceding sections, whic
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A major criticism of the Tripartite
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MNEs are asked to respect worker’
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Guidelines voluntary, but non-OECD
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An alternative to the above is to r
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freedom from state interference in
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During the Nuremburg Tribunals, Ger
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ATCA expanded liability for interna
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Pursuant to the holding in Kadic re
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The Court could establish jurisdict
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likely come across similar obstacle
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ecognised by customary internationa
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The report draws together a number
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means of fostering international pe
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a resolution, as well, in which it
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The Swedish document was originally
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Page 102 and 103: - children’s rights advocates, go
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Page 120 and 121: 84On 31 Jan. 1999, UN Secretary-Gen
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Page 132 and 133: 310Ibid., 12.311Council of Europe,
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Page 137: The World Congress III against Sexu
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