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143Ibid., “General Policies.” Para. 9 (governments are urged to ratify particular Conventions or at least apply theprinciples embodied therein through national policies. MNEs are expected to refer to these Conventions andrelated Recommendations for guidance, in the event of non-complaint countries), (fn 1) (included in the list ofConventions are: Convention (No. 29) concerning Forced or Compulsory Labor; Convention (No. 105) concerningthe Abolition of Forced Labor; Convention (No. 138) concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment;Convention (No. 182) concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms ofChild Labor. Also included are several Recommendations; most notably: Recommendation (No. 35) concerningIndirect Compulsion to Labor; Recommendation (No. 146) concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment;Recommendation (No. 190) concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Formsof Child Labor).144Ibid., “General Policies.” Para. 12.145Ibid., “General Policies.” Paras. 10, 11 (enterprise activities should not conflict with development priorities andsocial aims of the host country).146Ibid., “Employment Promotion.” Para 13. See also para 14 (employment promotion is particularly important indeveloping countries).147Ibid., “Employment Promotion.” Para. 13.148Ibid., “Employment Promotion.” Para. 14 (specifically: general conclusions adopted by the Tripartite worldconference on Employment, Income Distribution and Social Progress and International Division of Labourand the Global Employment Agenda).149Ibid., “Employment Promotion.” Paras. 16-20 (for instance, MNEs are asked to: increase employmentopportunities, taking into account national employment policies, objectives of the host state, security ofemployment and long-term enterprise development; give employment priority to nationals of the host country;use technology to generate employment and adapt technology to the needs of the host country; and assist indeveloping national industrial development).150Ibid., “Training.” Para. 29 (fn 8) (references specific conventions focused on Human Resources Development).151Ibid., “Training.” Para. 30 (training should develop generally useful skills, promote career opportunities andbe carried out in cooperation with authorities in the host country, labour organisations and local, national orinternational institutions).152Ibid., “Training.” Para. 31 (MNEs are asked to participate in programmes, aimed at encouraging skill formationand development, encouraged by host governments and supported by labour organisations. Furthermore, ifpossible, MNEs are asked to offer the services of resource personnel to assist in training programmes).153The provisions addressing wages, benefits and conditions of work and safety and health are only indirectlyrelated to the CSEC. These obligations will not be explored further in this discussion; however, this does notmean they are irrelevant to the discussion. As with the fair remuneration section in the Norm, the argumentcould be made that this section eliminates the need for children to supplement the family wage. Furthermore,the obligations attempt to protect income groups equally, and therefore, protect children in various incomegroups equally. With reference to health and safety the argument could be made that this section, in so far as itprotects adult wage-earners safety and ensures they will be able to continue to support their families, preventschildren from being economically exploited. For more detail regarding MNEs obligations regarding wages,benefits and conditions of work, see ibid., “Wages, Benefits and Conditions of Work.” Paras. 33-34 (wages,benefits and conditions of work are to be no less favourable than those offered by comparable employers in thehost country and satisfy the ‘basic needs’ of workers and their families; governments are asked to ensure lowerincome groups benefit “as much as possible” from the activity of MNEs). For more detail regarding MNEsobligations regarding safety and health, see ibid., “Safety and Health.” Paras. 37-40 (MNEs are asked to “…maintain the highest standards of safety and health, in conformity with national requirements […]”).154Ibid., “Minimum Age.” Para. 36.155Ibid., “Minimum Age.” Para. 36 (fn 11) (references Convention (No. 138), Article 1; Convention (No. 182),Article 1).156Ibid., “Freedom of Association and Right to Organise.” Paras. 42-48 (gives workers the right to join workersorganisations subject only to the rules of the organisation and protects them from anti-union discriminationand interference from MNEs. Governments are prohibited from promising to limit freedom of associationor collective bargaining rights as incentives to attract foreign investment).This obligation will not be explored116|Private Sector Accountability in Combating the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children