Simple Nature - Light and Matter

temperatures and with many combinations of elements. Only inthe twentieth century did we learn that one element could be transformedinto one another under the conditions of extremely highpressure and temperature existing in a nuclear bomb or inside a star.That observation didn’t completely invalidate the original theory ofthe immutability of the elements, but it showed that it was only anapproximation, valid at ordinary temperatures and pressures.self-check AA psychic conducts seances in which the spirits of the dead speak tothe participants. He says he has special psychic powers not possessedby other people, which allow him to “channel” the communications withthe spirits. What part of the scientific method is being violated here?⊲ Answer, p. 921The scientific method as described here is an idealization, andshould not be understood as a set procedure for doing science. Scientistshave as many weaknesses and character flaws as any othergroup, and it is very common for scientists to try to discredit otherpeople’s experiments when the results run contrary to their own favoredpoint of view. Successful science also has more to do withluck, intuition, and creativity than most people realize, and therestrictions of the scientific method do not stifle individuality andself-expression any more than the fugue and sonata forms stifledBach and Haydn. There is a recent tendency among social scientiststo go even further and to deny that the scientific method evenexists, claiming that science is no more than an arbitrary social systemthat determines what ideas to accept based on an in-group’scriteria. I think that’s going too far. If science is an arbitrary socialritual, it would seem difficult to explain its effectiveness in buildingsuch useful items as airplanes, CD players, and sewers. If alchemyand astrology were no less scientific in their methods than chemistryand astronomy, what was it that kept them from producinganything useful?Discussion QuestionsConsider whether or not the scientific method is being applied in the followingexamples. If the scientific method is not being applied, are thepeople whose actions are being described performing a useful humanactivity, albeit an unscientific one?A Acupuncture is a traditional medical technique of Asian origin inwhich small needles are inserted in the patient’s body to relieve pain.Many doctors trained in the west consider acupuncture unworthy of experimentalstudy because if it had therapeutic effects, such effects couldnot be explained by their theories of the nervous system. Who is beingmore scientific, the western or eastern practitioners?Section 0.1 Introduction and Review 15