Simple Nature - Light and Matter

More documents

Recommendations

Info

correlated. If they have been playing a slot machine all day, theyare convinced that it is “getting ready to pay,” and they do notwant anyone else playing the machine and “using up” the jackpotthat they “have coming.” In other words, they are claiming thata series of trials at the slot machine is negatively correlated, thatlosing now makes you more likely to win later. Craps players claimthat you should go to a table where the person rolling the dice is“hot,” because she is likely to keep on rolling good numbers. Crapsplayers, then, believe that rolls of the dice are positively correlated,that winning now makes you more likely to win later.My method of calculating the probability of winning on the slotmachine was an example of the following important rule for calculationsbased on independent probabilities:the law of independent probabilitiesIf the probability of one event happening is P A , and the probabilityof a second statistically independent event happeningis P B , then the probability that they will both occur is theproduct of the probabilities, P A P B . If there are more thantwo events involved, you simply keep on multiplying.This can be taken as the definition of statistical independence.Note that this only applies to independent probabilities. Forinstance, if you have a nickel and a dime in your pocket, and yourandomly pull one out, there is a probability of 0.5 that it will bethe nickel. If you then replace the coin and again pull one outrandomly, there is again a probability of 0.5 of coming up with thenickel, because the probabilities are independent. Thus, there is aprobability of 0.25 that you will get the nickel both times.Suppose instead that you do not replace the first coin beforepulling out the second one. Then you are bound to pull out theother coin the second time, and there is no way you could pull thenickel out twice. In this situation, the two trials are not independent,because the result of the first trial has an effect on the secondtrial. The law of independent probabilities does not apply, and theprobability of getting the nickel twice is zero, not 0.25.Experiments have shown that in the case of radioactive decay,the probability that any nucleus will decay during a given time intervalis unaffected by what is happening to the other nuclei, andis also unrelated to how long it has gone without decaying. Thefirst observation makes sense, because nuclei are isolated from eachother at the centers of their respective atoms, and therefore have nophysical way of influencing each other. The second fact is also reasonable,since all atoms are identical. Suppose we wanted to believethat certain atoms were “extra tough,” as demonstrated by theirhistory of going an unusually long time without decaying. Thoseatoms would have to be different in some physical way, but nobody824 Chapter 13 Quantum Physics
has ever succeeded in detecting differences among atoms. There isno way for an atom to be changed by the experiences it has in itslifetime.Addition of probabilitiesThe law of independent probabilities tells us to use multiplicationto calculate the probability that both A and B will happen,assuming the probabilities are independent. What about the probabilityof an “or” rather than an “and”? If two events A and Bare mutually exclusive, then the probability of one or the other occurringis the sum P A + P B . For instance, a bowler might have a30% chance of getting a strike (knocking down all ten pins) and a20% chance of knocking down nine of them. The bowler’s chance ofknocking down either nine pins or ten pins is therefore 50%.It does not make sense to add probabilities of things that arenot mutually exclusive, i.e., that could both happen. Say I have a90% chance of eating lunch on any given day, and a 90% chance ofeating dinner. The probability that I will eat either lunch or dinneris not 180%.NormalizationIf I spin a globe and randomly pick a point on it, I have about a70% chance of picking a point that’s in an ocean and a 30% chanceof picking a point on land. The probability of picking either wateror land is 70% + 30% = 100%. Water and land are mutuallyexclusive, and there are no other possibilities, so the probabilitieshad to add up to 100%. It works the same if there are more thantwo possibilities — if you can classify all possible outcomes into alist of mutually exclusive results, then all the probabilities have toadd up to 1, or 100%. This property of probabilities is known asnormalization.AveragesAnother way of dealing with randomness is to take averages.The casino knows that in the long run, the number of times you winwill approximately equal the number of times you play multipliedby the probability of winning. In the slot-machine game describedon page 823, where the probability of winning is 0.001, if you spenda week playing, and pay $2500 to play 10,000 times, you are likelyto win about 10 times (10, 000 × 0.001 = 10), and collect $1000. Onthe average, the casino will make a profit of $1500 from you. Thisis an example of the following rule.Rule for Calculating AveragesIf you conduct N identical, statistically independent trials,and the probability of success in each trial is P , then on theaverage, the total number of successful trials will be NP . If Nis large enough, the relative error in this estimate will becomeb / Normalization: the probabilityof picking land plus theprobability of picking water addsup to 1.Section 13.1 Rules of Randomness 825
Page 4 and 5:
Fullerton, Californiawww.lightandma
Page 7 and 8:
Contents0 Introduction and Review0.
Page 9 and 10:
5.5 More About Heat Engines . . . .
Page 11 and 12:
669.11.3 Magnetic Fields by Ampère
Page 13 and 14:
The Mars Climate Orbiter is prepare
Page 15:
temperatures and with many combinat
Page 19 and 20:
idence that quarks have smaller par
Page 21 and 22:
give clearer explanations.Finally,
Page 23 and 24:
It can also be handy to have a rela
Page 25 and 26:
The prefix centi-, meaning 10 −2
Page 27 and 28:
goes like this:V = 1 3 Ah[1]A = πr
Page 29 and 30:
the notation 10 0 to stand for one,
Page 32 and 33:
calculation, 5.04 cm, was really no
Page 34 and 35:
0.2 Scaling and Order-of-Magnitude
Page 36 and 37:
to many times your own height. The
Page 38 and 39:
g / 1. This plank is as long as it
Page 40 and 41:
the front panels of the three violi
Page 42 and 43:
Correct solution #4: The area of a
Page 44 and 45:
here?” The scientific Mr. Spock w
Page 46 and 47:
1. Don’t even attempt more than o
Page 48 and 49:
Problem 10.mean, however, is define
Page 50 and 51:
(d) Find the person’s acceleratio
Page 52 and 53:
Albert Einstein, and his moustache,
Page 54 and 55:
54 Chapter 0 Introduction and Revie
Page 56 and 57:
a / Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisiera
Page 58 and 59:
1.1.1 Problem-solving techniquesHow
Page 60 and 61:
∆m = 0, where m is the total mass
Page 62 and 63:
different substances will have diff
Page 64 and 65:
c / Left: In a frame of referenceth
Page 66 and 67:
f / Discussion question B.(discusse
Page 68 and 69:
Self-check D.since the derivative o
Page 70 and 71:
ProblemsThe symbols √ , , etc. ar
Page 72 and 73:
difficult? ⊲ Solution, p. 932Key
Page 74 and 75:
Heat energy can be convertedto ligh
Page 76 and 77:
a new form of invisible “mystery
Page 78 and 79:
f / A realistic drawing of Joule’
Page 80 and 81:
numbers. With a purely numerical ap
Page 82 and 83:
of gravity doesn’t change much if
Page 84 and 85:
field. If the plane can start from
Page 86 and 87:
m / Discussion question C.n / A hyd
Page 88 and 89:
88 Chapter 2 Conservation of Energy
Page 90 and 91:
A car drives over a cliff.new frame
Page 92 and 93:
How long does it take to move 1 met
Page 94 and 95:
a / Approximations to thebrachistoc
Page 96 and 97:
a / An ellipse is circle that hasbe
Page 98 and 99:
to deduce the general equation for
Page 100 and 101:
to the mass of the object that inte
Page 102 and 103:
The minimum velocity required for t
Page 104 and 105:
and since sin θ dθ occurs in the
Page 106 and 107:
that is deeper than r. Under the as
Page 108 and 109:
2.3.6 ⋆ Evidence for repulsive gr
Page 110 and 111:
a / A vivid demonstration thatheat
Page 112 and 113:
ture. This is a very good question,
Page 114 and 115:
Three functions with thesame curvat
Page 116 and 117:
This looks like a cosine function,
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Problem 16.13 Anya and Ivan lean ov
Page 122 and 123:
Problem 27.then we’d have U/m =
Page 124 and 125:
37 Two springs with spring constant
Page 126 and 127:
ExercisesExercise 2A: Reasoning wit
Page 128 and 129:
128 Chapter 2 Conservation of Energ
Page 130 and 131:
3.1 Momentum In One Dimensiona / Sy
Page 132 and 133:
eing to the right. The initial mome
Page 134 and 135:
3.1.3 Momentum compared to kinetic
Page 136 and 137:
3.1.4 Collisions in one dimensiong
Page 138 and 139:
could never do that again in a mill
Page 140 and 141:
i / The highjumper’s body passeso
Page 142 and 143:
where x 1 is the mass of the first
Page 144 and 145:
3.1.6 The center of mass frame of r
Page 146 and 147:
The airbag increases ∆tso as to r
Page 148 and 149:
d / Two magnets exert forceson each
Page 150 and 151:
x (m) t (s)10 1.8420 2.8630 3.8040
Page 152 and 153:
3.2.4 Forces between solidsConserva
Page 154 and 155:
Maximum acceleration of a car examp
Page 156 and 157:
Discussion QuestionA Criticize the
Page 158 and 159:
C A pool ball is rebounding from th
Page 160 and 161:
forces, as if the hand were a pair
Page 162 and 163:
This may not sound like an impressi
Page 164 and 165:
stroke are both executed in straigh
Page 166 and 167:
Accelerating a cart example 35If yo
Page 168 and 169:
w / A wedge.x / Archimedes’ screw
Page 170 and 171:
As in the preceding example, we hav
Page 172 and 173:
that have the same frequency is a s
Page 174 and 175:
around until I got this result, sin
Page 176 and 177:
quality factor, Q, is defined as Q
Page 178 and 179:
ight direction to add energy to the
Page 180 and 181:
i / Example 45: a viola withouta mu
Page 182 and 183:
Collapse of the Nimitz Freeway exam
Page 184 and 185:
end up canceling out, however:Q =
Page 186 and 187:
186 Chapter 3 Conservation of Momen
Page 188 and 189:
c / Bullets are dropped and shot at
Page 190 and 191:
the asteroid’s energy and boostin
Page 192 and 193:
coordinate axes. Even though ∆x,
Page 194 and 195:
of the three components,∆p x = 0
Page 196 and 197:
A useless vector operation example
Page 198 and 199:
Solving for the unknowns gives∆x
Page 200 and 201:
o / Example 64.p / Adding vectors g
Page 202 and 203:
How to generalize one-dimensional e
Page 204 and 205:
needed to support the object in fig
Page 206 and 207:
The easiest method is the one demon
Page 208 and 209:
Incorrect solution #4:(same notatio
Page 210 and 211:
The magnitude of the acceleration i
Page 212 and 213:
dropped out like a trap door, showi
Page 214 and 215:
af / Breaking trail, by WalterE. Bo
Page 216 and 217:
know how to integrate with respect
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Problem 16.Problem 19.resistance.)1
Page 222 and 223:
of gravity on Mars.(a) Find the tim
Page 224 and 225:
partner force. (a) A swimmer speeds
Page 226 and 227:
Problem 45the 0.4-gram masses would
Page 228 and 229:
53 If you walk 35 km at an angle 25
Page 230 and 231:
(b) Interpret this equation in the
Page 232 and 233:
Problem 71.232 Chapter 3 Conservati
Page 234 and 235:
77 A car accelerates from rest. At
Page 236 and 237:
Problem 81.81 Complete example 71 o
Page 238 and 239:
ExercisesExercise 3A: Force and Mot
Page 240 and 241:
Exercise 3C: Worksheet on Resonance
Page 242 and 243:
Exercise 3D: Vectors and MotionEach
Page 244 and 245:
244 Chapter 3 Conservation of Momen
Page 246 and 247:
An overhead view of apiece of putty
Page 248 and 249:
inward toward the hinge will have n
Page 250 and 251:
special case, we can choose to visu
Page 252 and 253:
j / Two asteroids collide.k / Every
Page 254 and 255:
Note that although the factors of 2
Page 256 and 257:
Relationship between force and torq
Page 258 and 259:
is straight down, which is perpendi
Page 260 and 261:
⊲ All three objects in the figure
Page 262 and 263:
aa / Example 10.to either side of e
Page 264 and 265:
momentum tells us that L = mrv sin
Page 266 and 267:
In the absence of any torque, a rig
Page 268 and 269:
Radial acceleration at the surface
Page 270 and 271:
The parallel axis theorem example 1
Page 272 and 273:
differential. The result isarea ===
Page 274 and 275:
of inertia as if the object was smo
Page 276 and 277:
h / Moments of inertia of somegeome
Page 278 and 279:
4.3 Angular Momentum In Three Dimen
Page 280 and 281:
14 deg, and it points along an axis
Page 282 and 283:
manner like this, then the definiti
Page 284 and 285:
k / Example 27.torque to the left w
Page 286 and 287:
We can also generalize the plane-ro
Page 288 and 289:
Problem 1.Problem 6.Problem 8.Probl
Page 290 and 291:
14 (a) The bar of mass m is attache
Page 292 and 293:
Problem 22.22 The sun turns on its
Page 294 and 295:
35 The nucleus 168 Er (erbium-168)
Page 296 and 297:
ExercisesExercise 4A: TorqueEquipme
Page 298 and 299:
pesky set of constraints on heat en
Page 300 and 301:
mit more air into the cavity behind
Page 302 and 303:
Pressure of lava underneath a volca
Page 304 and 305:
h / A simplified version of anideal
Page 306 and 307:
for us to construct a simple connec
Page 308 and 309:
For the first time we have an inter
Page 310 and 311:
a / 1. The temperature differencebe
Page 312 and 313:
Carnot engines operating between a
Page 314 and 315:
from A to B, he lets it by, but whe
Page 316 and 317:
B When we run the Carnot engine in
Page 318 and 319:
f / A phase space for a singleatom
Page 320 and 321:
time, the energy sharing is very un
Page 322 and 323:
will the the one that maximizes the
Page 324 and 325:
If the gas is monoatomic, then we k
Page 326 and 327:
5.4.4 The arrow of time, or “this
Page 328 and 329:
5.4.6 Summary of the laws of thermo
Page 330 and 331:
may be in the form of microscopic d
Page 332 and 333:
significant amount of heat to flow
Page 334 and 335:
while the smaller area under the bo
Page 336 and 337:
7 (a) Determine the ratio between t
Page 338 and 339:
338 Chapter 5 Thermodynamics
Page 340 and 341:
end of this book, we’ll even see
Page 342 and 343:
c / As the wave pattern passes the
Page 344 and 345:
the wave move ahead faster and get
Page 346 and 347:
k / Hitting a key on a pianocauses
Page 348 and 349:
Our final result for the speed of t
Page 350 and 351:
care, because the delay is the same
Page 352 and 353:
An easy way to visualize this is in
Page 354 and 355:
can be constructed as a superpositi
Page 356 and 357:
⊲ Looking up the speed of light i
Page 358 and 359:
scientists, to speak of the Big Ban
Page 360 and 361:
6.2 Bounded WavesSpeech is what sep
Page 362 and 363:
d / An uninverted reflection. There
Page 364 and 365:
our intuitive expectation of strong
Page 366 and 367:
valid solutions. In the following s
Page 368 and 369:
j / In the mirror image, theareas o
Page 370 and 371:
m / A pulse bounces backand forth.i
Page 372 and 373:
q / Graphs of loudness versusfreque
Page 374 and 375:
s / Standing waves on a rope. (PSSC
Page 376 and 377:
“cavity” and “neck” parts o
Page 378 and 379:
Problem 5.Problem 8.5 The figure sh
Page 380 and 381:
Problem 16.16 A Fabry-Perot interfe
Page 382 and 383:
c / Newton’s laws do not distingu
Page 384 and 385:
f / The correspondence principlereq
Page 386 and 387:
d / A Galilean version of therelati
Page 388 and 389:
g / Three types of transformations
Page 390 and 391:
system, velocities are always unitl
Page 392 and 393:
p / Apparatus used for the testof r
Page 394 and 395:
sumption, the assumption that it ma
Page 396 and 397:
at rest relative to the water. But
Page 398 and 399:
7.2.4 No action at a distanceThe Ne
Page 400 and 401:
so that Alice can complete her moti
Page 402 and 403:
time into different regions accordi
Page 404 and 405:
position relative to the sun at exa
Page 406 and 407:
7.2.7 ⋆ Four-vectors and the inne
Page 408 and 409:
would depend on the relative veloci
Page 410 and 411:
7.3 DynamicsSo far we have said not
Page 412 and 413:
In this frame, as expected, the sma
Page 414 and 415:
But this whole argument was based o
Page 416 and 417:
meters per second, so converting to
Page 418 and 419:
Expressing γ as ( 1 − v 2 /c 2)
Page 420 and 421:
7.3.4 ⋆ ProofsThis optional secti
Page 422 and 423:
these lines. For example, a car sit
Page 424 and 425:
An Einstein’s ring. Thedistant ob
Page 426 and 427:
two-dimensional universe as if it w
Page 428 and 429:
h / 1. A ray of light is emittedupw
Page 430 and 431:
object that that isn’t influenced
Page 432 and 433:
it impossible for any observer to b
Page 434 and 435:
a variant on the Penrose singularit
Page 436 and 437:
in it. Instead, it is currently spe
Page 438 and 439:
2 Astronauts in three different spa
Page 440 and 441:
(d) Simplify your answer to part c
Page 442 and 443:
Problem 25b. Redrawn fromVan Baak,
Page 444 and 445:
ExercisesExercise 7A: The Michelson
Page 446 and 447:
Exercise 7B: Sports in Slowlightlan
Page 448 and 449:
448 Chapter 7 Relativity
Page 450 and 451:
Exercise 7D: Misconceptions about R
Page 452 and 453:
452 Chapter 7 Relativity
Page 454 and 455:
sun, moon, stars, and planets were
Page 456 and 457:
Two types of chargeWe can easily co
Page 458 and 459:
the other acquires an equal amount
Page 460 and 461:
to get the beam up to speed in the
Page 462 and 463:
telling us that we know about matte
Page 464 and 465:
the muddle. The row-and-column sche
Page 466 and 467:
the force of air friction canceled
Page 468 and 469:
ectly evaluate the implications of
Page 470 and 471:
that they were indeed electrically
Page 472 and 473:
C Thomson found that the m/q of an
Page 474 and 475:
the object with a net positive char
Page 476 and 477:
thickness of material the radioacti
Page 478 and 479:
It was already known that although
Page 480 and 481:
particle. It turned out that it was
Page 482 and 483:
For example they could easily strip
Page 484 and 485:
cording to Mosely, the atomic numbe
Page 486 and 487:
that fly off to see what was inside
Page 488 and 489:
solution was found by measuring the
Page 490 and 491:
o / A nuclear power plant at Catten
Page 492 and 493:
neutrons. In a nuclear fission bomb
Page 494 and 495:
We can now list all four of the kno
Page 496 and 497:
1. Our sun’s source of energy is
Page 498 and 499:
a / The known nuclei, represented o
Page 500 and 501:
killed, because the DNA becomes una
Page 502 and 503:
e / Wild Przewalski’s horsesprosp
Page 504 and 505:
Problem 1. Top: A realisticpicture
Page 506 and 507:
12 The subatomic particles called m
Page 508 and 509:
ExercisesExercise 8A: Nuclear decay
Page 510 and 511:
saxophone, every technological tool
Page 512 and 513:
Example 1Ions moving across a cell
Page 514 and 515:
ut the original meaning was to trav
Page 516 and 517:
Force depends only on position. Sin
Page 518 and 519:
Here are a few questions and answer
Page 520 and 521:
flow through it.For many substances
Page 522 and 523:
superconductivity in metals that wo
Page 524 and 525:
j / Example 9. In 1 and 2,charges t
Page 526 and 527:
look like the usual resistor. The f
Page 528 and 529:
9.1.5 Current-conducting properties
Page 530 and 531:
attery acid becomes depleted of hyd
Page 532 and 533:
9.2 Parallel and Series CircuitsIn
Page 534 and 535:
to each resistance, resulting inI t
Page 536 and 537:
where “...” means that the sum
Page 538 and 539:
the two resistors in figure h/3.We
Page 540 and 541:
Choice of high voltage for power li
Page 542 and 543:
A complicated circuit example 20⊲
Page 544 and 545:
Problem 2.ProblemsThe symbols √ ,
Page 546 and 547:
Problem 16.only count that as one u
Page 548 and 549:
knob turned all the way clockwise,
Page 550 and 551:
A printed circuit board, likethe ki
Page 552 and 553:
ExercisesExercise 9A: Voltage and C
Page 554 and 555:
Exercise 9C: Reasoning About Circui
Page 556 and 557:
556 Chapter 9 Circuits
Page 558 and 559:
a / A bar magnet’s atoms are(part
Page 560 and 561:
defined. The ship’s captain can m
Page 562 and 563:
Reduction in gravity on Io due to J
Page 564 and 565:
j / Example 3.self-check AFind an e
Page 566 and 567:
a dipole moment — they are define
Page 568 and 569:
10.2.1 One dimensionVoltage is elec
Page 570 and 571:
The interpretation is that if you b
Page 572 and 573:
Figure c shows some examples of way
Page 574 and 575:
For large values of d, this express
Page 576 and 577:
where Q is the total charge of the
Page 578 and 579:
g / Example 12: variation of the fi
Page 580 and 581:
corners to the disk and transform i
Page 582 and 583:
10.4 Energy In Fieldsa / Two opposi
Page 584 and 585:
self-check DWe can think of the qua
Page 586 and 587:
of the inward field contributed by
Page 588 and 589:
space, 2 while charge doesn’t, we
Page 590 and 591:
a / The symbol for a capacitor.b /
Page 592 and 593:
ounding each capacitor will be half
Page 594 and 595:
in time:x ↔ qv ↔ Iself-check GH
Page 596 and 597:
due to its own momentum. It perform
Page 598 and 599:
or|V | =∣ LdIdt ∣ ,which in man
Page 600 and 601:
the inductor resists such a sudden
Page 602 and 603:
Example 26.Death by solenoid; spark
Page 604 and 605:
ordering.( 1 √2+√ i ) 2 = √ 1
Page 606 and 607:
x / The complex number e iφlies on
Page 608 and 609:
Figure aa shows a useful way to vis
Page 610 and 611:
Inductors tend to be big, heavy, ex
Page 612 and 613:
The reason for using the trig ident
Page 614 and 615:
a purely inductive or capacitive lo
Page 616 and 617:
Resonance with damping example 33
Page 618 and 619:
orE outward, on side 1 A + E outwar
Page 620 and 621:
|E| = kq totalr 2 ,where r is the r
Page 622 and 623:
y considering its point charges ind
Page 624 and 625:
Discussion Questionsg / Discussion
Page 626 and 627:
with charge, change the Coulomb con
Page 628 and 629:
The symmetry between the two sides
Page 630 and 631:
where dv is the volume of the cube.
Page 632 and 633:
The three terms in the divergence a
Page 634 and 635:
Page 636 and 637:
Problem 19.Problem 20.proton, for e
Page 638 and 639:
the lightning strike.(b) Based on y
Page 640 and 641:
units.(b) Verify that RC has units
Page 642 and 643:
lating freely (without any driving
Page 644 and 645:
ExercisesExercise 10A: Field Vector
Page 646 and 647:
5. Now hook up the two solenoids in
Page 648 and 649:
A large current is createdby shorti
Page 650 and 651:
time I used it implicitly was in fi
Page 652 and 653:
f / A standard dipole madefrom a sq
Page 654 and 655:
and substituting q = λh and v = m/
Page 656 and 657:
o / Magnetic forces cause abeam of
Page 658 and 659:
electric field, a magnetic one, can
Page 660 and 661:
u / In this scene from SwanLake, th
Page 662 and 663:
so the total field in the z directi
Page 664 and 665:
For the y component, we havee / A s
Page 666 and 667:
We can pin down the result even mor
Page 668 and 669:
i / The field of a dipole.where r i
Page 670 and 671:
circulates around the y axis, so at
Page 672 and 673:
to be, not where it is now. Coulomb
Page 674 and 675:
We have found one specific example
Page 676 and 677:
to a flagpole, we can cancel out a
Page 678 and 679:
11.4 Ampère’s Law In Differentia
Page 680 and 681:
y evaluating the field at the midpo
Page 682 and 683:
i.e.,F = axˆx + byˆx + cˆx + dx
Page 684 and 685:
k / A summary of the derivative, gr
Page 686 and 687:
c / Detail from Ascending andDescen
Page 688 and 689:
the magnet. Are these atomic curren
Page 690 and 691:
field in her region of space has be
Page 692 and 693:
A changing magnetic flux makes a cu
Page 694 and 695:
nearly zero. By Faraday’s law, th
Page 696 and 697:
c / An Ampèrian surface superimpos
Page 698 and 699:
and Maxwell’s equations becomeΦ
Page 700 and 701:
k / Red and blue light travelat the
Page 702 and 703:
second, the zero-point is located a
Page 704 and 705:
is the magnitude of the momentum ve
Page 706 and 707:
Discussion question A.Discussion qu
Page 708 and 709:
only penetrates to a very small dep
Page 710 and 711:
elationship D = ɛE would actually
Page 712 and 713:
esulting in cancellation.The opposi
Page 714 and 715:
a low permeability, while the other
Page 716 and 717:
n / A fluxgate compass.is externall
Page 718 and 719:
6 Two parallel wires of length L ca
Page 720 and 721:
an instant at the upper right, but
Page 722 and 723:
Problem 25.20 Four long wires are a
Page 724 and 725:
Problem 35.Problem 37.32 Verify Amp
Page 726 and 727:
Problem 42.beam of light usually co
Page 728 and 729:
(c) Discuss the relationship betwee
Page 730 and 731:
(f) Use conservation of energy to r
Page 732 and 733:
5. Now position yourself with your
Page 734 and 735:
12.1.1 The nature of lightThe cause
Page 736 and 737:
An image of Jupiter andits moon Io
Page 738 and 739:
d / Two self-portraits of theauthor
Page 740 and 741:
ultimate truth about light, but the
Page 742 and 743:
• There is a tendency to conceptu
Page 744 and 745:
self-check AEach of these diagrams
Page 746 and 747:
m / Discussion question B.Discussio
Page 748 and 749:
12.2 Images by ReflectionInfants ar
Page 750 and 751:
Discussion QuestionA The figure sho
Page 752 and 753:
down magnification is AB/DE. A repe
Page 754 and 755:
i / A Newtonian telescopebeing used
Page 756 and 757:
B Locate the images formed by two p
Page 758 and 759:
12.3 Images, QuantitativelyIt sound
Page 760 and 761:
⊲ The object and image angles are
Page 762 and 763:
12.3.2 Other cases with curved mirr
Page 764 and 765:
signs also have to be memorized for
Page 766 and 767:
h / A diverging mirror in the shape
Page 768 and 769:
j / Spherical mirrors are thecheape
Page 770 and 771:
general type of eye that we share w
Page 772 and 773:
shown on this graph and then attemp
Page 774 and 775: the mechanical model would predict
Page 776 and 777: that your calculator will flash an
Page 778 and 779: D Classify the examples shown in fi
Page 780 and 781: 12.4.6 ⋆ Microscopic description
Page 782 and 783: 12.5 Wave OpticsElectron microscope
Page 784 and 785: of a crystal? Sound waves are used
Page 786 and 787: j / Thomas Youngk / Double-slit dif
Page 788 and 789: object that diffracts it, so the tr
Page 790 and 791: Although the equation λ/d = sin θ
Page 792 and 793: things we’ve learned about diffra
Page 794 and 795: apidly changing distances; on reuni
Page 796 and 797: 6 The figure on the next page shows
Page 798 and 799: 14 Here’s a game my kids like to
Page 800 and 801: 27 Suppose a converging lens is con
Page 802 and 803: same depth, but not quite. [Check:
Page 804 and 805: Problem 42.42 Panel 1 of the figure
Page 806 and 807: 46 The figure below shows two diffr
Page 808 and 809: 53 The beam of a laser passes throu
Page 810 and 811: Problem 59.the ancient problem of i
Page 812 and 813: 3. Now imagine the following new si
Page 814 and 815: Exercise 12B: Object and Image Dist
Page 816 and 817: Exercise 12D: Double-Source Interfe
Page 818 and 819: Exercise 12E: Single-slit diffracti
Page 820 and 821: Exercise 12F: Diffraction of LightE
Page 822 and 823: energy, instead of being spread out
Page 826 and 827: small.The statement that the rule f
Page 828 and 829: But the y axis can no longer be a u
Page 830 and 831: for a long time once it gets there,
Page 832 and 833: j / Calibration of the 14 C dating
Page 834 and 835: given by(probability of a ≤ x ≤
Page 836 and 837: k / In recent decades, a huge hole
Page 838 and 839: A wave is partially absorbed.c / A
Page 840 and 841: f / The hamster in her hamsterball
Page 842 and 843: How would you extract h from the gr
Page 844 and 845: F Does E = hf imply that a photon c
Page 846 and 847: of approaching this issue.)j / Bull
Page 848 and 849: We assume v is small enough so that
Page 850 and 851: the probability distribution will b
Page 852 and 853: trons that we have already used for
Page 854 and 855: equations of general validity are t
Page 856 and 857: wave carries high probability and w
Page 858 and 859: An infinite sine wave can only tell
Page 860 and 861: momentum implies a definite kinetic
Page 862 and 863: of snapshots would amount to a desc
Page 864 and 865: close are the electrons to the limi
Page 866 and 867: dimensional particle in a box, and
Page 868 and 869: Applying this to conservation of en
Page 870 and 871: the probability of making it throug
Page 872 and 873: Three dimensionsFor simplicity, we
Page 874 and 875:
1. Oscillations can go backand fort
Page 876 and 877:
C The figure shows a skateboarder t
Page 878 and 879:
a / Eight wavelengths fit aroundthi
Page 880 and 881:
As shown by these examples, the unc
Page 882 and 883:
e / The three states of the hydroge
Page 884 and 885:
f / The energy levels of a particle
Page 886 and 887:
∂r/∂x = x/r comes in handy. Com
Page 888 and 889:
50% of its time in each atom. It’
Page 890 and 891:
tus to the z axis) and more memorab
Page 892 and 893:
ut why does that have anything to d
Page 894 and 895:
the data are only inaccurate due to
Page 896 and 897:
14 The photoelectric effect can occ
Page 898 and 899:
Problem 25.(b) Sketch a graph showi
Page 900 and 901:
conservation of energy and momentum
Page 902 and 903:
Problem 43.43 On pp. 884-885 of sub
Page 904 and 905:
ExercisesExercise 13A: Quantum Vers
Page 906 and 907:
⊲ First we convert the equation i
Page 908 and 909:
Programming With PythonThe purpose
Page 910 and 911:
Appendix 2: MiscellanyUnphysical
Page 912 and 913:
18 bestt = t19 c1 = bestc120 c2 = b
Page 914 and 915:
p i + ∑ iThe spin theoremTheorem:
Page 916 and 917:
Appendix 3: Photo CreditsExcept as
Page 918 and 919:
Appendix 4: Hints and SolutionsHint
Page 920 and 921:
Hints for Chapter 6Page 377, proble
Page 922 and 923:
Answers to Self-Checks for Chapter
Page 924 and 925:
Page 301: (1) Not valid. The equati
Page 926 and 927:
Page 584:N −1 m −2 C 2 V 2 m
Page 928 and 929:
the dashed ray.Page 748: You should
Page 930 and 931:
direction it was initially going (i
Page 932 and 933:
Page 52, problem 38: The cone of mi
Page 934 and 935:
Page 224, problem 37: (a) Spring co
Page 936 and 937:
object, we have static friction, wh
Page 938 and 939:
Page 549, problem 29:(a) Conservati
Page 940 and 941:
Page 798, problem 19: (a) The objec
Page 942 and 943:
.0.8 Notation and unitsquantity uni
Page 944 and 945:
surfaces. For comparison, a typical
Page 946 and 947:
elations:a = ∆v∆tx = 1 2 at2 +
Page 948 and 949:
we are moving along with the projec
Page 950 and 951:
the number of oscillations required
Page 952 and 953:
In general, the cross product of ve
Page 954 and 955:
Sound waves consist of increases an
Page 956 and 957:
signs for charge is that with this
Page 958 and 959:
know that there is a delay in time
Page 960 and 961:
is related byΦ = 4πkq into the ch
Page 962 and 963:
to use sophisticated models such as
Page 964 and 965:
Chapter 13, Quantum Physics, page 8
Page 966 and 967:
oth position and momentum, the Heis
Page 968 and 969:
Schrödinger’s, 864cathode rays,
Page 970 and 971:
unstable, 87equipartition theorem,
Page 972 and 973:
Joule, James, 73paddlewheel experim
Page 974 and 975:
Einstein’s early theory, 838energ
Page 976 and 977:
Nikola, 178tesla (unit), 652thermal
show all

Simple Nature - Light and Matter

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?