Involuntary Displacement and Resettlement â Policy and ... - CEPA

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electricity has significantly increased among surveyed households comparedto the pre-tsunami situation. Currently 79.2% of the resettled householdshave access to electricity.Table 5.11: Lighting sourcesLighting sourcePre-tsunamiNo. ofhousesPercentNo. ofhousesCurrentPercentElectricity 71 44.6 126 79.2Kerosene 87 56.7 32 20.1Not responded 1 .6 1 .6Total 159 100 159 100There is a significant improvement in sanitation facilities. Before thetsunami, 42.8% of the surveyed household did not have toilet facilities. Thishas been reduced to 6.9%. However, focus group discussions in some GNdivisions in the Southern Province revealed that some toilets in newrelocation sites are not functioning well.Table 5.12: Toilet facilitiesPre-tsunamiNo. ofhousesPercentNo. ofhousesCurrentPercentNo latrine 68 42.8 11 6.9Private latrine within thehouse17 10.7 35 22.0Private latrine outside 73 45.9 110 69.2Private latrine but does notfunction well1 0.6 1 0.6Public latrine 2 1.3Total 68 42.8 11 6.9Lack of drainage facilities is cited as one of the main problems in newresettlements, especially in the Southern Province. This is mainly due to poorplanning.96
6 Current Situation and Recent Developments inLivelihood RestorationMost of the post tsunami livelihood programs were focused on providing cashfor work, grants to start a small business or alternative livelihood trainingprogrammes and little attention was paid to the fisheries sector. Livelihoodprogrammes focused on the fisheries sector were rare, with only some fisherhouseholds in Trincomalee (in Salli, Kuchchaveli and Annal Nagar areas)receiving training in boat repair. As the fishers had a great loss of physicalassets such as boats, nets and fishery infrastructure, programmes were mainlyconfined to the provision of boats and fishing tools rather than implementationof a well planned, coordinated and holistic livelihood restoration. There wereefforts by the government, local and international NGOs and other donors torehabilitate the fisheries sector by providing livelihood assets to the affectedcommunity. Due to lack of appropriate data and poor coordination, differinginterests and priorities of donors and the inefficiency of governmentinstitutions, the rehabilitation of the sector is currently facing serious problems.Poor targeting has resulted in conflict, as in many cases the beneficiaries werenot genuine, with some of the genuine beneficiaries yet to receive livelihoodassets. Unplanned supply of more fishing craft has aggravated the competitionamong coastal fishers, resulting in low catch per unit effort.According to the Census of Boats conducted in 2006/2007 by the Ministry ofFisheries and Aquatic Resources (MFAR), the fishing fleet has increased by35% from 2004 to 2007 (MFAR, 2007). The MFAR thinks that the over supplyof boats by tsunami rehabilitation programmes may result in theover-exploitation of coastal fisheries (MFAR, 2006). The follow-up surveyresults revealed that most fishers observed that the fish catch rate per crafthas dropped. Over supply of fishing craft increases the total fishing effort,thereby threatening certain vulnerable fisheries with depletion of stocks. Itcould lead to a decrease in the income of individual small scale fishers, furthermarginalising poorer sections of the community. This situation is aggravatedby increases in fuel prices and coastal fishery in Sri Lanka may have reached apoint where implementation of strong and effective measures of managementcannot be delayed any further.In addition to the above-mentioned factors, fishers in the Trincomalee districtface other constraints due to the prevailing security situation, such as restrictionon fishing time (night time fishing not allowed), restrictions on fishing area andthe prohibition of motorised boats of above a certain engine power.97
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AcknowledgementsOn behalf of the Ce
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ContentsAcknowledgements...........
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Common Threads in Resettlement Poli
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institutions, such as the World Ban
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high demand in the new, host locati
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The focus on vulnerability also hig
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Development projects often create g
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6 ConclusionsThe papers in this vol
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Chapter 1:Restoring Livelihoods
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1 IntroductionThe Southern Transpor
Page 58 and 59: livelihoods of the affected people
Page 60 and 61: The RIP also sets out allowances fo
Page 62 and 63: The replacement of agriculture land
Page 64 and 65: like tea, rubber and cinnamon have
Page 66 and 67: Retention of market networks is als
Page 68 and 69: ReferencesAsian Development Bank. I
Page 70 and 71: 1 IntroductionCivil conflicts and d
Page 72 and 73: By overcoming the data collection c
Page 74 and 75: The above resettler’s income curv
Page 76 and 77: these IDPs. We do not see the need
Page 78 and 79: The next category is the Government
Page 80 and 81: Table 1: Detailed description of an
Page 82 and 83: of the household did find paid work
Page 84 and 85: this village suffered a more advers
Page 86 and 87: Frequency distributions of pre and
Page 88 and 89: Government Servants who engage in o
Page 90 and 91: displacement and arriving in Battic
Page 92 and 93: evidence that Asset Holders suffere
Page 94 and 95: Chambers, R., and Conway, G.R., 199
Page 96 and 97: qualitative data collected from foc
Page 98 and 99: 3.2.1 Sampling plan for the follow-
Page 100 and 101: The government had to identify land
Page 102 and 103: Table 5.2: Housing situation of hou
Page 104 and 105: 5.1.2.1 Quality and durability of t
Page 106 and 107: Table 5.8: Number of rooms per hous
Page 110 and 111: Although the total fishing fleet ha
Page 112 and 113: Figure 6.1: Cumulative percentages
Page 114 and 115: 7 Access to InfrastructureDamage to
Page 116 and 117: Lack of, or difficult, access to in
Page 118 and 119: Annex 1: Tsunami affected household
Page 120 and 121: Ampara 2 Kalmunai Kalmunaikudi 2 6P
Page 123 and 124: Conflict, Vulnerability and Long-te
Page 125 and 126: hetoric of displacement and maintai
Page 127 and 128: The educational performance of IDP
Page 129 and 130: Most locals did not expect the IDPs
Page 131 and 132: selected because they represent the
Page 133 and 134: controversial. People with a certai
Page 135 and 136: 4 Re-examining VulnerabilityThe stu
Page 137 and 138: IDPs and Hosts as Constitutive Cate
Page 139 and 140: local integration processes and the
Page 141 and 142: 3 From Policy Categories to Labelli
Page 143 and 144: The homogenising effect of the labe
Page 145 and 146: assist the displaced eased the phas
Page 147 and 148: In the case of the northern Muslims
Page 149 and 150: people becoming forced migrants; lo
Page 151 and 152: A key example is how a joint intere
Page 153 and 154: labelled ‘IDPs’ or ‘hosts’.
Page 155 and 156: COHEN, R., 2007. Response to Hathaw
Page 157: Chapter 3:Ensuring Equitable andPar
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1 IntroductionWorldwide experience
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component (HS&CD) of the project, b
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The LEI&CDP Resettlement Policy Fra
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(a)(b)(c)those who have formal lega
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Phase IV - Consolidation, Community
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Table 1: Resettlement Programme Tar
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Table 4: Providing infrastructure s
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8 Issues and conclusionsIssuesAbout
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ReferencesADB (1995): Involuntary R
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31 IntroductionThe Southern Transpo
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The participation and consultation
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In a majority of cases APs have bee
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During the implementation of LARC,
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decision making process has increas
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Left Behind: Post-tsunami Resettlem
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To complicate their lives even more
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visited camps once every eight or n
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(from 206 to 50 sites) and the shel
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In October and November 2007, the s
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nuclear family established through
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struggle. The joint family, which i
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camps, although having received com
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Even though these families were liv
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Sunil earns a living collecting and
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Property negotiations are tedious a
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still remained in transitional shel
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for government and NGOs alike to be
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With respect to the transparency of
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ReferencesABRAMS, P., 1988. Notes o
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ANNEX9th Annual Symposium on Povert
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EVICTEDThis 25-minute documentary p
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