Involuntary Displacement and Resettlement â Policy and ... - CEPA

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1 IntroductionWorldwide experience demonstrates that most development projects whichdisplace people create severe economic, social and environmental problems.They aggravate poverty by dismantling production systems; relocatingpeople to unfriendly environments where their productive skills may be lessapplicable and the competition for resources much greater; weakeningcommunity structures and social networks; and dispersing kin groups anddiminishing cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential formutual help. Involuntary resettlements usually cause severe long-termhardship, impoverishment, and environmental damage unless carefullyplanned and executed. It is now widely accepted that people should be atthe centre of any development activity, and such activity should aim toenhance the quality of their lives and address poverty. During the last fourdecades, thousands of families have been involuntarily resettled in SriLanka, mainly to facilitate irrigation, highway and urban developmentprojects, and the majority of them have been low income families. Untilrecently, development-induced displacement of population was considered a‘sacrifice’- with a comparatively small group of people displaced for thebenefit of a larger number of people. What these involuntary resettlersreceived as compensation, in general, was limited to statutory monetarycompensation for land and houses acquired for the project, provided thatlegal ownership could be proved, generally resulting in making poor andlandless people even poorer and more vulnerable.The Project Affected Persons (PAPs) based, pro-poor development-inducedand participatory Involuntary Resettlement Program, implemented by theLunawa Environment Improvement & Community Development Project(LEI&CDP), sought to ensure the tenure rights of the poor living in slum andshanty settlements in the Lunawa catchments. The project was launched in2002 with the objective of improving the environment and quality of life ofpeople by improving the storm water drainage systems in the Lunawa basin.The National Resettlement Policy (NIRP) was adopted by the government in2001, after the design phase of the LEI&CPD, and the scope of the projecthad to be revised, incorporating the NIRP principles, with UN-HABITATtechnical inputs and with additional funding by the government.This paper documents the key elements of an innovative implementationprocess of resettlement.148
2 Lunawa Environment Improvement and Community DevelopmentProject (LEI&CDP)Lunawa Catchment: The Lunawa lake basin is located between the Moratuwaand Dehiwala/Mount Lavinia Municipal Council areas, within the ColomboMetropolitan region of Sri Lanka. The lake and the surrounding area, about 7sq. km, has been environmentally degraded due to a combination of humanand natural factors over a long period of time. The catchment suffers fromhabitual flooding about four to six times per year. The lake, which in the pasthad supported a significant fishery industry and a large number of livelihoods,is now devoid of aquatic life and considered to be biologically dead.The population within the basin, consisting of mixed communities, isestimated at 85,000 in 18,112 households. More than 50% are under-served,low income slum and shanty dwellers, and most have no tenure rights. A largenumber of industries (reportedly 367) and commercial establishments locatedaround the basin discharge huge volumes of untreated industrial effluent andwastewater into the lake and, together with residential wastewater, causeextensive environmental pollution.The Project: The LEI&CDP is a continuation of the Greater Colombo FloodControl and Environmental Improvement Project (GCFC & EIP), initiated bythe government during the first quarter of the last decade, with financialassistance from Japan. This project has attempted to provide technicalsolutions (typically of an engineering nature), to the problems persisting inlow-lying areas of Greater Colombo, with very little involvement ofbeneficiaries and affected persons. The experiences gained from theseprojects shows that the sustainability of interventions could have beenenhanced, and the adverse impact on the PAPs, especially the urban poor,could have been minimised, if there was effective community participationand pro-poor resettlement programmes securing their tenure rights.The lessons learned led to a new, innovative approach to upgradinglow-income urban areas. This new approach and strategy is designed tomerge participatory community development with technical solutions. TheLEI&CDP was thus designed within this new framework of technical andcommunity development in combination, and commenced implementation in2002. UN-HABITAT assisted the project through provision of consultancy andadvisory services to the Human Settlement and Community Development149
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AcknowledgementsOn behalf of the Ce
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ContentsAcknowledgements...........
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Common Threads in Resettlement Poli
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institutions, such as the World Ban
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high demand in the new, host locati
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The focus on vulnerability also hig
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Development projects often create g
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6 ConclusionsThe papers in this vol
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Chapter 1:Restoring Livelihoods
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1 IntroductionThe Southern Transpor
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livelihoods of the affected people
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The RIP also sets out allowances fo
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The replacement of agriculture land
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like tea, rubber and cinnamon have
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Retention of market networks is als
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ReferencesAsian Development Bank. I
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1 IntroductionCivil conflicts and d
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By overcoming the data collection c
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The above resettler’s income curv
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these IDPs. We do not see the need
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The next category is the Government
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Table 1: Detailed description of an
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of the household did find paid work
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this village suffered a more advers
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Frequency distributions of pre and
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Government Servants who engage in o
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displacement and arriving in Battic
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evidence that Asset Holders suffere
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Chambers, R., and Conway, G.R., 199
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qualitative data collected from foc
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3.2.1 Sampling plan for the follow-
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The government had to identify land
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Table 5.2: Housing situation of hou
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5.1.2.1 Quality and durability of t
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Table 5.8: Number of rooms per hous
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electricity has significantly incre
Page 110 and 111: Although the total fishing fleet ha
Page 112 and 113: Figure 6.1: Cumulative percentages
Page 114 and 115: 7 Access to InfrastructureDamage to
Page 116 and 117: Lack of, or difficult, access to in
Page 118 and 119: Annex 1: Tsunami affected household
Page 120 and 121: Ampara 2 Kalmunai Kalmunaikudi 2 6P
Page 123 and 124: Conflict, Vulnerability and Long-te
Page 125 and 126: hetoric of displacement and maintai
Page 127 and 128: The educational performance of IDP
Page 129 and 130: Most locals did not expect the IDPs
Page 131 and 132: selected because they represent the
Page 133 and 134: controversial. People with a certai
Page 135 and 136: 4 Re-examining VulnerabilityThe stu
Page 137 and 138: IDPs and Hosts as Constitutive Cate
Page 139 and 140: local integration processes and the
Page 141 and 142: 3 From Policy Categories to Labelli
Page 143 and 144: The homogenising effect of the labe
Page 145 and 146: assist the displaced eased the phas
Page 147 and 148: In the case of the northern Muslims
Page 149 and 150: people becoming forced migrants; lo
Page 151 and 152: A key example is how a joint intere
Page 153 and 154: labelled ‘IDPs’ or ‘hosts’.
Page 155 and 156: COHEN, R., 2007. Response to Hathaw
Page 157: Chapter 3:Ensuring Equitable andPar
Page 162 and 163: component (HS&CD) of the project, b
Page 164 and 165: The LEI&CDP Resettlement Policy Fra
Page 166 and 167: (a)(b)(c)those who have formal lega
Page 168 and 169: Phase IV - Consolidation, Community
Page 170 and 171: Table 1: Resettlement Programme Tar
Page 172 and 173: Table 4: Providing infrastructure s
Page 174 and 175: 8 Issues and conclusionsIssuesAbout
Page 176 and 177: ReferencesADB (1995): Involuntary R
Page 178 and 179: 31 IntroductionThe Southern Transpo
Page 180 and 181: The participation and consultation
Page 182 and 183: In a majority of cases APs have bee
Page 184 and 185: During the implementation of LARC,
Page 186 and 187: decision making process has increas
Page 189 and 190: Left Behind: Post-tsunami Resettlem
Page 191 and 192: To complicate their lives even more
Page 193 and 194: visited camps once every eight or n
Page 195 and 196: (from 206 to 50 sites) and the shel
Page 197 and 198: In October and November 2007, the s
Page 199 and 200: nuclear family established through
Page 201 and 202: struggle. The joint family, which i
Page 203 and 204: camps, although having received com
Page 205 and 206: Even though these families were liv
Page 207 and 208: Sunil earns a living collecting and
Page 209 and 210: Property negotiations are tedious a
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still remained in transitional shel
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for government and NGOs alike to be
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With respect to the transparency of
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ReferencesABRAMS, P., 1988. Notes o
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ANNEX9th Annual Symposium on Povert
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EVICTEDThis 25-minute documentary p
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