Involuntary Displacement and Resettlement â Policy and ... - CEPA

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1 IntroductionThis paper is based on the Making Peace - Keeping Peace study(Thalayasingam et al., 2009) conducted by the Poverty and Conflict (PAC)programme of the Centre for Poverty Analysis. The study focussed on twoaspects of community relations and conflict in the Puttalam district:“Making Peace” − how incidents of conflict in the area have beendealt with in the past.“Keeping Peace” − how communities and local organisations havebeen able to manage conflict and sustain these situations.The study concept was suggested by a local partner, the Vinividha NGOcoalition. They suggested that the conflict dynamics in the district and theirmeans of resolution would provide insights for other actors working withother conflict affected communities. Following many rounds of qualitativedata collection, the team chose six conflict incidents to follow as casestudies. The conflicts were based on issues illustrative of the wider conflictdynamics in the district and were resolved by a range of actors that localcommunities used for this purpose. The choice of conflict lines alsodetermined the geographical focus of the study. It focused on four divisionalsecretariat (DS) divisions − Mundal, Vanathavilluva, Puttalam and Kalpitiya −all with different levels of ethnic heterogeneity and different histories ofhosting internally displaced persons (IDPs).The study finds that the main cause of conflict in the district during the studyperiod (2006-2008) was the deteriorating relationship between the hostcommunity and the IDPs. The study also identified further sources ofconflict, including ethnic identity based competition, religious identity basedcompetition and competition between political groups. This paper focuseson IDP - host relations and its role in conflict in the district.The changing and contested vulnerability is the root cause of many of theconflicts. The host community perceives that many other vulnerable groupsreceive very little support and assistance, while IDPs, despite their long stay,and despite the fact that many of them have significantly improved theirliving conditions, asset bases and commercial links during their longdisplacement, continue to be specially supported. The IDPs and theirrepresentatives contend that they are still vulnerable and retain the112
hetoric of displacement and maintain the groups’ wish to return to theiroriginal homelands as a justification for their continued vulnerability.Over time attitudes among the host community towards the IDPs changedfrom one of welcome and support, immediately after their arrival, to directcompetition for livelihood support, development benefits and services(highlighted by Brun in her chapter in this volume). This competition has ledto incidents of conflict and a growing resentment between the IDPs andsome groups in the host community. The prevailing atmosphere ofcompetition and conflict has led many within the district to contest thecontinued recognition by the state and development institutions of the IDPsas a vulnerable population group. The debate about their status vis a visother groups in the district continues.The Making Peace − Keeping Peace study examines conflict and resolution inPuttalam, within the wider backdrop of these assertions, competitions andchallenges. This paper draws from the study results specific aspects of IDPhost relations and their role in creating and maintaining conflict.1.1 Puttalam − History of In-migrationThe Puttalam district has a long history of in-migration. Despite waves ofin-migration during ancient times, migration due to trade during the colonialera, and post independence migration as a result of irrigation settlementschemes, it is the arrival of the IDPs in 1990 that continues to have the mostimpact on Puttalam.In October 1990, the LTTE expelled almost 100,000 Muslims from Mannar,Jaffna and other districts in the North and East that were under their control.Many of those displaced in that time came to Puttalam. The IDPs werelargely from Mannar (74%), and almost exclusively Muslim (99%) (UNHCR,2006). They have remained in the district since their initial expulsion. Somereturned for a short time during the ceasefire period between 2002 and 2006but went back to Puttalam when fighting resumed.It is their long term displacement that sets IDPs in Puttalam apart from otherdisplaced persons in Sri Lanka. While they were welcomed initially by thehost community, this relationship deteriorated over time into competition andconflict.113
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AcknowledgementsOn behalf of the Ce
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ContentsAcknowledgements...........
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Common Threads in Resettlement Poli
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institutions, such as the World Ban
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high demand in the new, host locati
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The focus on vulnerability also hig
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Development projects often create g
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6 ConclusionsThe papers in this vol
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Chapter 1:Restoring Livelihoods
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1 IntroductionThe Southern Transpor
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livelihoods of the affected people
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The RIP also sets out allowances fo
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The replacement of agriculture land
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like tea, rubber and cinnamon have
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Retention of market networks is als
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ReferencesAsian Development Bank. I
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1 IntroductionCivil conflicts and d
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By overcoming the data collection c
Page 74 and 75: The above resettler’s income curv
Page 76 and 77: these IDPs. We do not see the need
Page 78 and 79: The next category is the Government
Page 80 and 81: Table 1: Detailed description of an
Page 82 and 83: of the household did find paid work
Page 84 and 85: this village suffered a more advers
Page 86 and 87: Frequency distributions of pre and
Page 88 and 89: Government Servants who engage in o
Page 90 and 91: displacement and arriving in Battic
Page 92 and 93: evidence that Asset Holders suffere
Page 94 and 95: Chambers, R., and Conway, G.R., 199
Page 96 and 97: qualitative data collected from foc
Page 98 and 99: 3.2.1 Sampling plan for the follow-
Page 100 and 101: The government had to identify land
Page 102 and 103: Table 5.2: Housing situation of hou
Page 104 and 105: 5.1.2.1 Quality and durability of t
Page 106 and 107: Table 5.8: Number of rooms per hous
Page 108 and 109: electricity has significantly incre
Page 110 and 111: Although the total fishing fleet ha
Page 112 and 113: Figure 6.1: Cumulative percentages
Page 114 and 115: 7 Access to InfrastructureDamage to
Page 116 and 117: Lack of, or difficult, access to in
Page 118 and 119: Annex 1: Tsunami affected household
Page 120 and 121: Ampara 2 Kalmunai Kalmunaikudi 2 6P
Page 123: Conflict, Vulnerability and Long-te
Page 127 and 128: The educational performance of IDP
Page 129 and 130: Most locals did not expect the IDPs
Page 131 and 132: selected because they represent the
Page 133 and 134: controversial. People with a certai
Page 135 and 136: 4 Re-examining VulnerabilityThe stu
Page 137 and 138: IDPs and Hosts as Constitutive Cate
Page 139 and 140: local integration processes and the
Page 141 and 142: 3 From Policy Categories to Labelli
Page 143 and 144: The homogenising effect of the labe
Page 145 and 146: assist the displaced eased the phas
Page 147 and 148: In the case of the northern Muslims
Page 149 and 150: people becoming forced migrants; lo
Page 151 and 152: A key example is how a joint intere
Page 153 and 154: labelled ‘IDPs’ or ‘hosts’.
Page 155 and 156: COHEN, R., 2007. Response to Hathaw
Page 157: Chapter 3:Ensuring Equitable andPar
Page 160 and 161: 1 IntroductionWorldwide experience
Page 162 and 163: component (HS&CD) of the project, b
Page 164 and 165: The LEI&CDP Resettlement Policy Fra
Page 166 and 167: (a)(b)(c)those who have formal lega
Page 168 and 169: Phase IV - Consolidation, Community
Page 170 and 171: Table 1: Resettlement Programme Tar
Page 172 and 173: Table 4: Providing infrastructure s
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8 Issues and conclusionsIssuesAbout
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ReferencesADB (1995): Involuntary R
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31 IntroductionThe Southern Transpo
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The participation and consultation
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In a majority of cases APs have bee
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During the implementation of LARC,
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decision making process has increas
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Left Behind: Post-tsunami Resettlem
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To complicate their lives even more
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visited camps once every eight or n
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(from 206 to 50 sites) and the shel
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In October and November 2007, the s
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nuclear family established through
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struggle. The joint family, which i
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camps, although having received com
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Even though these families were liv
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Sunil earns a living collecting and
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Property negotiations are tedious a
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still remained in transitional shel
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for government and NGOs alike to be
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With respect to the transparency of
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ReferencesABRAMS, P., 1988. Notes o
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ANNEX9th Annual Symposium on Povert
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EVICTEDThis 25-minute documentary p
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