Involuntary Displacement and Resettlement â Policy and ... - CEPA

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Attention to host communities: Displacement and resettlementdynamics have been subjects of scholarly research for over twodecades. For the past 10 years, Sri Lankan scholars and activists haverepeatedly documented the adverse relations that develop betweendisplaced and host communities. This local knowledge and experiencewas not acted upon by donors/government agencies involved intsunami resettlement. Consultations with local communities should bea routine step in the resettlement/relocation process so that localcommunities do not feel ambushed by new settlements entering theirarea. Attention to the potential feelings of local communities andpossible conflicts that could emerge from resettlement schemes is oneway to put the principle of ‘do no harm’ into practice.Improving self-settlement schemes:Training: Comprehensive training to explain the nuances of everystep in the process and the paperwork accompanying each step inthe process should be undertaken, once a family has chosen theresettlement package that is correct for them.Mentoring/Partnering individuals/families with a mentor: Families intransitional shelter who have exceptional circumstances or, as timeunfolds (as was the case here), are struggling noticeably with theprocess should be assigned mentors to guide them through theprocess. This is not the kind of assignment that needs to be givento the traditional NGO ‘protection’ officer. In the case of Colombo’sself-settlement, final year law students would have benefitedtremendously as well as gained a considerable level of knowledgeabout the country’s property law had they been paired with a familythat was struggling to negotiate the compensation process andproperly file the correct document for self-settlement.Note: The author wishes to thank officials from UNOPS, COHRE and IOM for sharing theirexperiences and giving perspective to the tsunami reconstruction process. She is grateful to theUNOPS TSST assessment team for their detailed note-taking during data collection and theircommitment to making Sri Lanka a better place for the poor and disenfranchised. Theseindividuals are: Chandima Bandara, Kalpika Kumudu Kumari, and A. Hilmy Aftar. Special thanksare due to Ms. Alice Salmon for her tirelessness in data quality control, Sriskandavel Thavavellwho assisted in data processing, and Ms. Kumudu Kumari for translating Sinhala documents intoEnglish. This section is based on a paper entitled, “Transitioning Nowhere: Rights, Claims, andEntitlements in Post-Tsunami Housing Reconstruction” presented at the British Association ofSouth Asian Studies (BASAS), University of Leicester, March 2008 and a presentation given atthe CEPA 9th Annual Poverty Symposium in December 2008.Kanchana Ruwanpura providedseveral insightful comments on earlier drafts.204
ReferencesABRAMS, P., 1988. Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State. Journal ofHistorical Sociology 1(1): 58-89.AGARWAL, B., 1994. A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia.Cambridge and New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) 2006. Gender SensitiveGuidelines on Implementing the Tsunami Housing Policy. COHRE: Colombo.DATTA, N., 2006. Joint Titling – A Win-Win Policy? Gender and Property Rights inUrban Informal Settlements in Chandigarh India Feminist Economics 12 (1-2):271-298.GOONESEKERA, S., 1990. Status of Women in the Family Law of Sri Lanka In: S.Kiribamune and V. Samarasinghe (eds). Women at the Crossroads: A Sri LankanPerspective. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House pp. 153-181.GOONESEKERA, S.W.E., 2006. A Gender Analysis of Tsunami Impact: Relief,recovery and reconstruction in some districts in Sri Lanka. Funded by UNIFEM.Colombo: CENWOR. 57pp.Government of Sri Lanka. Tsunami (Special Provisions) Act, No. 15 0f 2005.Colombo: Government of Sri Lanka.Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and Development Partners. 2005. Tsunami:Building Back Better Sri Lanka - Achievements, Challenges and Way Forward.Colombo, Sri Lanka.JACKSON, C., 2003. Gender Analysis of Land: Beyond land rights for women?Journal of Agrarian Change 3(4): 453-480.JAYAWEERA, S., 2005. The impact of the Tsunami on households and vulnerablegroups in two districts in Sri Lanka: Galle and Colombo. Centre for Women’sResearch Sri Lanka. Study Series No. 34. Colombo: CENWOR. 85 pp.KOTTEGODA, K., 2004. Negotiating Household Politics: Women’s Strategies inUrban Sri Lanka. Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association.205
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AcknowledgementsOn behalf of the Ce
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ContentsAcknowledgements...........
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Common Threads in Resettlement Poli
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institutions, such as the World Ban
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high demand in the new, host locati
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The focus on vulnerability also hig
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Development projects often create g
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6 ConclusionsThe papers in this vol
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Chapter 1:Restoring Livelihoods
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1 IntroductionThe Southern Transpor
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livelihoods of the affected people
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The RIP also sets out allowances fo
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The replacement of agriculture land
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like tea, rubber and cinnamon have
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Retention of market networks is als
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ReferencesAsian Development Bank. I
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1 IntroductionCivil conflicts and d
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By overcoming the data collection c
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The above resettler’s income curv
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these IDPs. We do not see the need
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The next category is the Government
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Table 1: Detailed description of an
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of the household did find paid work
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this village suffered a more advers
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Frequency distributions of pre and
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Government Servants who engage in o
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displacement and arriving in Battic
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evidence that Asset Holders suffere
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Chambers, R., and Conway, G.R., 199
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qualitative data collected from foc
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3.2.1 Sampling plan for the follow-
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The government had to identify land
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Table 5.2: Housing situation of hou
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5.1.2.1 Quality and durability of t
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Table 5.8: Number of rooms per hous
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electricity has significantly incre
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Although the total fishing fleet ha
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Figure 6.1: Cumulative percentages
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7 Access to InfrastructureDamage to
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Lack of, or difficult, access to in
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Annex 1: Tsunami affected household
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Ampara 2 Kalmunai Kalmunaikudi 2 6P
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Conflict, Vulnerability and Long-te
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hetoric of displacement and maintai
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The educational performance of IDP
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Most locals did not expect the IDPs
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selected because they represent the
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controversial. People with a certai
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4 Re-examining VulnerabilityThe stu
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IDPs and Hosts as Constitutive Cate
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local integration processes and the
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3 From Policy Categories to Labelli
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The homogenising effect of the labe
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assist the displaced eased the phas
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In the case of the northern Muslims
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people becoming forced migrants; lo
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A key example is how a joint intere
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labelled ‘IDPs’ or ‘hosts’.
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COHEN, R., 2007. Response to Hathaw
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Chapter 3:Ensuring Equitable andPar
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1 IntroductionWorldwide experience
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component (HS&CD) of the project, b
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The LEI&CDP Resettlement Policy Fra
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Page 168 and 169: Phase IV - Consolidation, Community
Page 170 and 171: Table 1: Resettlement Programme Tar
Page 172 and 173: Table 4: Providing infrastructure s
Page 174 and 175: 8 Issues and conclusionsIssuesAbout
Page 176 and 177: ReferencesADB (1995): Involuntary R
Page 178 and 179: 31 IntroductionThe Southern Transpo
Page 180 and 181: The participation and consultation
Page 182 and 183: In a majority of cases APs have bee
Page 184 and 185: During the implementation of LARC,
Page 186 and 187: decision making process has increas
Page 189 and 190: Left Behind: Post-tsunami Resettlem
Page 191 and 192: To complicate their lives even more
Page 193 and 194: visited camps once every eight or n
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Page 197 and 198: In October and November 2007, the s
Page 199 and 200: nuclear family established through
Page 201 and 202: struggle. The joint family, which i
Page 203 and 204: camps, although having received com
Page 205 and 206: Even though these families were liv
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Page 209 and 210: Property negotiations are tedious a
Page 211 and 212: still remained in transitional shel
Page 213 and 214: for government and NGOs alike to be
Page 215: With respect to the transparency of
Page 219 and 220: ANNEX9th Annual Symposium on Povert
Page 221: EVICTEDThis 25-minute documentary p
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