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200 M. MISHKINSKYrevolutionary movement was ready to accept the tactic of mongeringnational strife. Also, after the anti-Jewish pogroms in Kishinev andHomel in 1903, which signaled the second wave of pogroms in Russia(1905-1906), it was inopportune to stipulate such a tactic, especially tothe S-R's, members of the party most attached to the traditions ofRussian populism.The intent of the omitted clause was unmistakable. It recommendedand instructed manipulation of national antagonisms for revolutionarypurposes. What is especially remarkable is the directive not only tomake capital of spontaneous ethnic upheavals, but also to initiatethem. In 1904 Koval'skaia essentially confirmed the veracity of Molinari'sexcerpts from the union's documents ("our" program, in herwords), which the police seized upon her arrest. 29 She kept silent aboutthe omitted text, however. In the 1920s what Koval'skaia called the"draft first program" of the union, which she and Shchedrin wrote, wastaken from the police archives and published. It contained no suchparagraph. Koval'skaia said, 30 however, that the elaborated programactually printed on the union's press was not found in the archives. Wecannot ascertain the contents of the lost program, nor compare it withthe one used by Molinari. 31 It is also possible that what Koval'skaiacalled "first draft" was followed by a second one that fell into Molinari'shands. In any case, it is impossible to determine the measure ofKoval'skaia's and Shchedrin's personal responsibility for the recommendationthat national animosities be used for revolutionary ends.What is certain is that some leaders of the union held to such anattitude and that for a time, albeit a short one, it was representative ofthe union as a whole. 3229Her only reservation, which is somewhat obscure, came after a reference toMolinari's "bourgeois hatred for our program" : she maintained that in translating"pure Russian expressions, he [Molinari] somewhat changes their character, renderingthe style of our literature in an intentionally vulgar tone." See below, fn. 31,and also L. Kulczycki, Rewolucja rosyjska, pt. 2 (Lviv, 1911), pp. 386-87.30Maksakov and Nevskii, Iuzhnorusskie rabochie soiuzy, p. 259.31Koval'skaia (1926, p. 197) corrected several details in Molinari's article, withoutrefuting his documentary evidence and while ignoring the last paragraphdiscussed here. The length of the program she cited was identical to that describedin the bill of indictment against the members of the union (Maksakov and Nevskii,Iuzhnorusskie rabochie soiuzy, pp. 291-93), but reference to making use ofnational animosities was totally absent.32Debates about the program were continually on the union's agenda. Koval'-skaia (1926, p. 24) reported that discussions with workers about the program wereheld just before the organization was founded.