Local Governance in Timor-Leste - Secretaria de Estado da Arte e ...

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis work is dedicated to my father, Scott Bradley Cummins (10 th July 1942 to 9 thDecember 2006), whose fascination with the frontier will always encourage andinspire me.A PhD is never done by a single person alone, and I have been privileged in havingthe support of so many people while doing this work. Thank you to supervisorAssociate Professor Sarah Maddison for your unwavering support, wisdom, andmentorship—first for encouraging me to start this PhD, and then as supervisor forproviding the perfect mix of empathy, intelligence, and good common sense. Bothprofessionally and personally, you set an example that I can only hope to emulate. Mygratitude also to co-supervisor Professor Gavin Kitching for your enthusiasm for thisproject, stories from your own fieldwork that confirmed I was on the right track, andyour generosity in sharing your deep knowledge of the issues involved. Many thanksalso to Dr Duncan McDuie-Ra who filled in as co-supervisor for one year—despiteyour heavy commitments, you always had time for a chat, to share stories, and to giveadvice.This thesis was always more than an intellectual exercise, and this became so muchmore so as I did my fieldwork. I am truly humbled by the generosity of spirit shownby my Timorese friends and hosts. I am especially grateful to my two researchassistants, to Abilio da Silva Monteiro in Venilale, and Lucia do Rosario in Ainaro,without whom I could never have completed this fieldwork, and also to everyone whoagreed to be interviewed for this research (listed in Appendix A). To Maun Virgilio,my sincere thanks for your generosity with your time, advice, and friendshipwhenever I was in Dili—despite your heavy work commitments, you were alwaysavailable to help however you could. To the Ximenes family in Venilale, and inparticular Mana Celestina and Jose Manuel do Rêgo Ximenes, obrigada barak forwelcoming me into your home and for the many ways in which you helped me toadjust to village life. Thank you also to Jose Manuel for taking the time to help meunderstand more about the different communities and the history of Venilale. And tovi
the Canossian sisters in Ainaro—Madres Merlindha, Clotilde, Olandina, Teresinha,Lourdes, and Maria—my heartfelt gratitude for welcoming me into your select littlegroup. Your service to your community is an inspiration.To Kirra Litchfield, thank you for your warm welcome when I first arrived inVenilale—and then for being such a great housemate, discussant and friend. Our longnights spent dissecting Venilale politics helped to frame the final analysis for thisthesis. And to Meabh Cryan, my sincere gratitude for your friendship, insights, senseof humour, and your generosity in welcoming me to your house while in Dili. 'CasaMeabh' was always warm and inviting, and the many times you provided an oasisaway from my fieldwork were always appreciated. Many thanks also to Nuno VascoOliveira for first welcoming me to Dili, and then for so generously welcoming me toyour home at various times. To others who helped me along the way, to Maria AmadoMota who acted as translator for sections of my fieldwork, to Rui Pinto, Loro Horta,Susana Barnes, Andrew McWilliam and Kate Owen who gave me useful pointers formy fieldwork, and to those who read all or part of this thesis—to my three thesisexaminers, Neco Sarmento, Nayana Bibile and most especially to friend and proofreaderextraordinaire Genine Sutton—a big thank you!On a more personal note, to my friends and family, your patience in enduring anabsent friend and family member while I did this work is greatly appreciated. Andfinally to my foster parents, Helen and Brendan Ginnivan, words can't express mygratitude for your ongoing encouragement, your commitment to education, and for somuch more. 'Thank you' isn't enough, but I know you understand.vii
Page 1 and 2: Local Governance in Timor-Leste:The
Page 3 and 4: COPYRIGHT STATEMENT‘I hereby gran
Page 5: are some important points of tensio
Page 9 and 10: 2.6 The Issues of Cross-Cultural Re
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESFigure One: The Deve
Page 13 and 14: Tara banduUma kainUma lulikXefe Ald
Page 15 and 16: within, I had failed to recognise t
Page 17 and 18: anthropology of development (Shephe
Page 19 and 20: prefer the term 'local' to recognis
Page 21 and 22: evolve around ideas of traditional
Page 23 and 24: institution that is considered to b
Page 25 and 26: the case given the emphasis on cond
Page 27 and 28: Within these increasingly murky pol
Page 29 and 30: 1.3 Case Study SitesVenilaleVenilal
Page 31 and 32: The reasons for choosing Venilale a
Page 33 and 34: and influences can have on the loca
Page 35 and 36: played out since decolonisation. Th
Page 37 and 38: geographically 'outwards' from uma
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWO
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 FieldworkFieldwork was conducte
Page 43 and 44: marked differences in people's idea
Page 45 and 46: interactions between modern and tra
Page 47 and 48: then asking for advice on who else
Page 49 and 50: answer specific questions about how
Page 51 and 52: Every conversation and every experi
Page 53 and 54: discussions. This took a little tim
Page 55 and 56: crucial to the research question—
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CHAPTER THREE: CONCEPTUALISING POST
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epresentation through democratisati
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of coordination between these diffe
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equally problematic, as this succes
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government, and Huntington noted th
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Westernise. Equally, the specificit
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which individuals both shape and ar
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expanded this understanding to incl
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within a society. As Remmer puts it
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is to distribute power to some and
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To explain this point, he makes the
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provided by public policy" (Fukuyam
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Gramsci's account of hegemonic powe
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From this perspective, Gramsci's id
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outcomes. Rather, it structures soc
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'shadow side' of the everyday polit
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The centrality of these kin-based g
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4.1 Formation of Political Hybridit
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While the rule of the liurai was in
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to be rejoined. But as local politi
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in Europe, this was seen somewhat d
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did not make life any easier for th
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governor, but slowly seats were inc
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The movement towards decolonisation
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As the politics reached gradually b
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appointed traditionally (Ospina and
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esistance to Indonesian rule (Gunn
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outrage across the world. Following
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f) To assist in the establishment o
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egan to return from their hiding pl
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for a Constituent Assembly (CA) and
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these other factors reveal a more c
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SECTION TWO: EXAMINING LOCAL GOVERN
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hold spiritual and ritual responsib
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Important exchange relationships th
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spiritual significance of the ances
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ight to freedom, for anyone to occu
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The centrality of the liurai house
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As discussed previously, one of the
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order to meet their communal requir
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community, or communal expectations
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within the suku and to lead the kon
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epresentative. These political mech
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structural issue: while the old ins
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democratisation has been seen to er
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Party politics has been one such po
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on the leaders' position within the
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Within this hybrid political enviro
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in the community. While there is a
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authority figures in the aldeia, su
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As fieldwork progressed, it became
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kain), it is taken to the xefe and/
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process, they have the right to go
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(March, 2008). In the absence of le
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explains, he will not engage with a
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this distinction. When I asked abou
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insufficient attention being paid t
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of barlake that lay in the alliance
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functional, leaving them especially
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affiliation with political parties.
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xefe suku explained that the cost o
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that there is a combination of soci
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SECTION THREE: SHAPING LOCAL GOVERN
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automatically become part of the lo
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ecent Shadow Report to CEDAW, which
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Governance must be for something, a
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power within Timorese communities.
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Such structural constraints, howeve
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Across every suku in Venilale and A
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was built for their most remote ald
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While community members may attempt
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networks that use such animistic ri
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strongman, who operated in Venilale
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the community are captured or diver
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strongman specifically uses institu
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CHAPTER EIGHT: BRINGING IT BACK TO
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communities have created various fo
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However, while incoming resources c
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of fundamental importance in consid
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APPENDIX A: LIST OF INTERVIEWEESVEN
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APPENDIX B: MAP OF TIMOR-LESTESourc
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APPENDIX D: POLITICAL MAP OF SUBDIS
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BINNS, T. (2006) 'Doing Fieldwork i
Page 223 and 224:
CHESTERMAN, S. (2002) 'East Timor i
Page 225 and 226:
DEGNBOL-MARTINUSSEN, J. (2002) 'Dev
Page 227 and 228:
Lincoln, Y. (Eds.) The Landscape of
Page 229 and 230:
GRENFELL, L. (2006) 'Legal Pluralis
Page 231 and 232:
HOWARTH, D. (2000) Discourse, Bucki
Page 233 and 234:
LANDMAN, T. & HAUSERMANN, J. (2003)
Page 235 and 236:
MERRY, S. E. (1988) 'Legal Pluralis
Page 237 and 238:
OSPINA, S. & HOHE, T. (2001) Tradit
Page 239 and 240:
RUDOLPH, L. I. (1965) 'The Modernit
Page 241 and 242:
THAKUR, R. & VAN LANGENHOVE, L. (20
Page 243:
WORK, R. (2002) 'Overview of Decent
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