Schmalzer, P. A., and H. R. DeSelm. 1982. Vegetation, endangered and threatened plants, critical plant habitats and vascular flora ofthe Obed Wild and Scenic River. Unpublished report. USDI <strong>National</strong> Park Service, Obed Wild and Scenic River. 2 volumes.369 pp.Segars, C. B., L. C. Crawford, and A. M. Harvill. 1951. The occurrence and distribution of hemlock in Alabama. Ecology 32:149-151.Seischab, F. K. 1990. Presettlement forests of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase in western New York. Bulletin of the TorreyBotanical Club 117:27-38.Simon, Steve. Personal communication.Sims, R. A., W. D. Towill, K. A. Baldwin, and G. M. Wickware. 1989. Field guide to the forest ecosystem classification fornorthwestern Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.Skeen, J. N., M. E. B. Carter, and H. L. Ragsdale. 1980. Yellow-poplar: The Piedmont case. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club107:1-6.Slapcinsky, J. L. 1994. The vegetation and soils associated with diabase in Granville and Durham counties, North Carolina. M.S.thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 208 pp.Smith, D. W., and N. E. Linnartz. 1980. The southern hardwood region. Pages 145-230 in: J. W. Barrett, editor. Regional silvicultureof the United States. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Smith, E. B. 1988b. An atlas and annotated list of the vascular plants of Arkansas, 2nd edition. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.Smith, L. M., compiler. 1996a. Natural plant communities in Louisiana currently recognized by the Louisiana Natural HeritageProgram. Unpublished document. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Natural Heritage Program, Baton Rouge. 2pp.Smith, Latimore M. Personal communication. Natural Heritage Program Ecologist. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries,Natural Heritage Program, Baton Rouge.Smith, T. L. 1991. Natural ecological communities of Pennsylvania. First revision. Unpublished report. Pennsylvania Science Officeof The Nature Conservancy, Middletown, PA. 111 pp.Sneddon, L., M. Anderson, and K. Metzler. 1996. Community alliances and elements of the Eastern Region. Unpublished report. TheNature Conservancy, Eastern Heritage Task Force, Boston, MA. 235 pp.Southeastern Ecology Working Group of <strong>NatureServe</strong>. No date. International Ecological Classification Standard: InternationalVegetation Classification. Terrestrial Vegetation. <strong>NatureServe</strong>, Durham, NC.Stotler, R., and B. Crandall-Stotler. 1977. A checklist of liverworts and hornworts of North America. The Bryologist 80:405-428.Sutherland, E. K., H. Grissino-Mayer, C. A. Woodhouse, W. W. Covington, S. Horn, L. Huckaby, R. Kerr, J. Kush, M. Moore, and T.Plumb. 1993. Two centuries of fire in a southwestern Virginia Pinus pungens community. Paper presented at IUFRO conferenceon inventory and management in the context of catastrophic events. University Park, PA.Swain, P. C., and J. B. Kearsley. 2001. Classification of natural communities of Massachusetts. September 2001 draft. NaturalHeritage and Endangered Species Program, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Westborough, MA.TNC [The Nature Conservancy]. 1996b. Terrestrial vegetation of the midwestern United States. Volume 1: A list of community units.Preliminary draft of May 1996. From: International Classification of Ecological Communities, The Nature Conservancy,Arlington, VA.TNC [The Nature Conservancy]. 1998a. An investigation and assessment of the vegetation of Arnold Air Force Base. Coffee andFranklin counties, Tennessee. The Nature Conservancy, Tennessee Field Office, Nashville. 37 pp. plus appendices.Thomas, R. D. 1966. The vegetation and flora of Chilhowee Mountain. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 355pp.Thomas, R. D. 1989. The vegetation of Chilhowee Mountain, Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 64:185-188.Thomas, R. D., and C. M. Allen. 1993. Atlas of the vascular flora of Louisiana. Volume I: Ferns & fern allies, conifers, &monocotyledons. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Natural Heritage Program and The Nature Conservancy,Louisiana Field Office, Baton Rouge. 218 pp.Tiner, R. W., Jr. 1985a. Wetlands of Delaware. Cooperative publication of USDI Fish & Wildlife Service, <strong>National</strong> WetlandsInventory, Newton Corner, MA, and Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, DE. 77 pp.Vegetation of <strong>Sumter</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> April 30 2004Copyright © 2004 <strong>NatureServe</strong>112
Tobe, J. D., J. E. Fairey, III, and L. L. Gaddy. 1992. Vascular flora of the Chauga River Gorge, Oconee County, South Carolina.Castanea 57:77-109.Tucker, G. E. 1989. A survey of the botanical features of Magazine Mountain on the slopes and plateau surface. Unpublisheddocument. USDA <strong>Forest</strong> Service, Ozark <strong>National</strong> <strong>Forest</strong>, Russellville, AR. 53 pp.Tucker, L. W. 1973. Vegetational analysis of Joyce Kilmer Memorial <strong>Forest</strong>. M.A. thesis, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee,NC. 79 pp.Turner, R. L., J. E. Van Kley, L. S. Smith, and R. E. Evans. 1999. Ecological classification system for the national forests andadjacent areas of the West Gulf Coastal Plain. The Nature Conservancy, Nacogdoches, TX. 95 pp. plus appendices.Turrill, N. L., and E. R. Buckner. 1995. The loss of southern Appalachian Pinus pungens Lam. due to fire suppression. ASB Bulletin42:109.USFS [U.S. <strong>Forest</strong> Service]. 1988. Silvicultural examination and prescription field book. USDA <strong>Forest</strong> Service, Southern Region.Atlanta, GA. 35 pp.USFS [U.S. <strong>Forest</strong> Service]. 1990. Establishment record for Dismal Hollow Research Natural Area within Ozark <strong>National</strong> <strong>Forest</strong>,Newton County, Arkansas. Unpublished document. USDA <strong>Forest</strong> Service, Ozark <strong>National</strong> <strong>Forest</strong>, Russellville, AR. 20 pp. plusmap.USGS [U.S. Geological Survey]. 1992. <strong>National</strong> land cover dataset. U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD.Ulrey, C. J. 1999. Classification of the vegetation of the Southern Appalachians. <strong>Final</strong> report. USDA <strong>Forest</strong> Service, SoutheasternResearch Station, Bent Creek Experimental <strong>Forest</strong>, Asheville, NC. 90 pp.Ursic, S. J. 1963. Planting loblolly pine for erosion control in north Mississippi. USDA <strong>Forest</strong> Service Research Paper SO-3.Southern <strong>Forest</strong> Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 21 pp.Van Auken, O. W., and J. K. Bush. 1988. Dynamics of establishment, growth, and development of black willow and cottonwood inthe San Antonio River forest. Texas Journal of Science 40:269-277.Vankat, J. L. 1990. A classification of the forest types of North America. Vegetatio 88:53-66.Voigt, J. W., and R. H. Mohlenbrock. 1964. Plant communities of southern Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.202 pp.Walck, J. L., J. M. Baskin, and C. C. Baskin. 1996. Sandstone rockhouses of the eastern United States, with particular reference to theecology and evolution of the endemic plant taxa. Botanical Review 62(4):311-362.Walton, D., N. Putnam, and P. Trianosky. 1997. A classification of the terrestrial plant communities of West Virginia. Second draft.West Virginia Natural Heritage Program. Elkins, WV.Ward, J. R. 1984. Woody vegetation of the dry uplands in east Texas. M.S. thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches,TX. 145 pp.Weakley, A. S., K. D. Patterson, S. Landaal, M. Pyne, and others, compilers. 1998. International classification of ecologicalcommunities: Terrestrial vegetation of the Southeastern United States. Working draft of March 1998. The Nature Conservancy,Southeast Regional Office, Southern Conservation Science Department, Community Ecology Group. Chapel Hill, NC. 689 pp.Weakley, A. S., L. A. Mehrhoff, III, and L. Mansberg. 1979. Natural area inventory--Master plan for Bluff Mountain, Ashe County,North Carolina. Unpublished report. The Nature Conservancy, North Carolina Field Office, Carrboro. 225 pp.Weakley, A. S., and M. P. Schafale. 1994. Non-alluvial wetlands of the Southern Blue Ridge: Diversity in a threatened ecosystem.Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77:359-383.Weakley, A. S., compiler. 1993. Natural Heritage Program list of the rare plant species of North Carolina. North Carolina Departmentof Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Division of Parks and Recreation, Natural Heritage Program. Raleigh. 79 pp.Wells, E. F. 1974. A vascular flora of the Uwharrie Wildlife Management Area, Montgomery County, North Carolina. Castanea39:39-57.Wharton, C. H. 1978. The natural environments of Georgia. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta. 227 pp.Wharton, C. H., W. M. Kitchens, E. C. Pendleton, and T. W. Sipe. 1982. The ecology of bottomland hardwood swamps of theSoutheast: A community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services. FWS/OBS-81/37. Washington,DC.Vegetation of <strong>Sumter</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Forest</strong> April 30 2004Copyright © 2004 <strong>NatureServe</strong>113
- Page 3:
1 NatureServe is an international o
- Page 11 and 12:
types. However, when necessary, mod
- Page 13 and 14:
[Association name = floristic nomin
- Page 15 and 16:
Generally 5 or fewer occurrences an
- Page 17 and 18:
All scientific names for vascular s
- Page 19 and 20:
Summary: A short description of the
- Page 21 and 22:
Loucks, O. 1996. 100 years after Co
- Page 23 and 24:
ALLIANCES BY US NATIONAL VEGETATION
- Page 25 and 26:
virginiana, and Acer pensylvanicum
- Page 27 and 28:
virginiana, Juniperus virginiana va
- Page 29 and 30:
• Appalachian pine-oak forest (Ev
- Page 31 and 32:
• Maritime Oak - Holly Forest / W
- Page 33 and 34:
ALLIANCE CONCEPTSummary: This allia
- Page 35 and 36:
Related Concepts:• Yellow-Poplar:
- Page 37 and 38:
virginiana, Sanicula canadensis, De
- Page 39 and 40:
Federal Lands: COE (Claiborne Lake)
- Page 41 and 42:
ALLIANCE SOURCESReferences: Allard
- Page 43 and 44:
Quercus alba and Quercus velutina a
- Page 45 and 46:
USFS Ecoregions: 221Hc:CCC, 221He:C
- Page 47 and 48:
ALLIANCE CONCEPTSummary: This allia
- Page 49 and 50:
USFS Ecoregions: 221Eb:PP?, M221Ab:
- Page 51 and 52:
Federal Lands: NPS (Great Smoky Mou
- Page 53 and 54:
the associated species. More Appala
- Page 55 and 56:
ALLIANCE DISTRIBUTIONRange: This al
- Page 57 and 58:
USFS Ecoregions: 221Ha:CCC, 221Hc:C
- Page 59 and 60:
elevation environments such as Leio
- Page 61 and 62:
CULTIVATED FORESTEASTERN WHITE PINE
- Page 63 and 64:
Federal Lands: DOD (Arnold, Fort Be
- Page 65 and 66:
does not occur on wet soils. It occ
- Page 67 and 68:
Liriodendron tulipifera, although o
- Page 69 and 70:
ELEMENT SOURCESReferences: Allard 1
- Page 71 and 72:
ELEMENT SOURCESReferences: Allard 1
- Page 73 and 74:
Similar Associations:• Pinus echi
- Page 75 and 76:
• Pinus echinata - Quercus stella
- Page 77 and 78:
this association occurs in edaphica
- Page 79 and 80:
Vegetation: This forest typically h
- Page 81 and 82:
strobus can have high coverage and
- Page 83 and 84: CONSERVATION RANKING & RARE SPECIES
- Page 85 and 86: • Quercus alba - Carya alba / Euo
- Page 87 and 88: muehlenbergii. In addition, Acer ba
- Page 89 and 90: WHITE OAK - MOCKERNUT HICKORY / AME
- Page 91 and 92: CONSERVATION RANKING & RARE SPECIES
- Page 93 and 94: Vegetation: This association encomp
- Page 95 and 96: ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONRange: This com
- Page 97 and 98: • Quercus prinus - Carya spp. - Q
- Page 99 and 100: catesbaei, Desmodium nudiflorum, Eu
- Page 101 and 102: ELEMENT SOURCESReferences: Allard 1
- Page 103 and 104: High-ranked species: No information
- Page 105 and 106: Dynamics: No informationSimilar Ass
- Page 107 and 108: protrusa, Grammitis nimbata (= Micr
- Page 109 and 110: ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONRange: This for
- Page 111 and 112: COMMON WATER-WILLOW HERBACEOUS VEGE
- Page 113 and 114: • Betula nigra - Platanus occiden
- Page 115 and 116: Formation: Temporarily flooded temp
- Page 117 and 118: epeated flooding, this community ma
- Page 119 and 120: USFS Ecoregions: 221Ba:CCC, 221Ha:C
- Page 121 and 122: Classification Comments: On the Ban
- Page 123 and 124: Classification Comments: This veget
- Page 125 and 126: BIBLIOGRAPHYALNHP [Alabama Natural
- Page 127 and 128: DeYoung, H. R. 1979. The white pine
- Page 129 and 130: Gettman, R. W. 1974. A floristic su
- Page 131 and 132: Lea, C. 2002a. Vegetation classific
- Page 133: Pittman, Dr. Albert. Personal commu