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WIND MEASUREMENTS BY THE CHUNG-LI RADARIN THE PRESENCE OF STRONG CLUTTER AND HARD TARGETSEleanor Praskovskaya 1 , Alexander Praskovsky 2 , Jenn-Shyong Chen 3 , and Yen-Hsyang Chu 41 Colorado Research Associates, 3380 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301, USA2 National Center for Atmospheric Research, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301, USA3 Chien-Kuo Institute of Technology, Chang-Hua, Taiwan 500, R.O.C. (Taiwan)4 Institute of Space Science, National Central Univ., Chung-Li, Taiwan 320, R.O.C. (Taiwan)The received signals from atmospheric spaced antenna (SA) radars might be contaminated byground clutter and, although less frequently, hard targets. The contamination adverselyaffects the performance of the correlation function (CF)-based data analysis techniques. Letus consider the standard complex signals from two receivers E1(t)and E2( t)where t is time.The second order cross CF is defined as follows (Doviak et al., 1996):**C ( τ ) = E ( t)E ( t + τ ) E ( t)E ( )(1)12 1 21 1tHereafter τ is the temporal separation, the brackets denote the ensemble averages, and thesuperscript * denotes complex conjugation. The auto CF C11(τ ) is a particular case of (1) atE 1(t ) = E ( t)2. The function C ( 12τ ) is not affected by white noise with the temporal scaleTn= 0, and C11(τ ) is affected by such noise only at τ = 0. For this reason, white noise in thereceived signals can be easily taken into account in the CF-based techniques such as FullCorrelation Analysis (FCA) and the Holloway – Doviak method; see Briggs (1984), Briggsand Vincent (1992); and Doviak et al. (1996), Holloway et al. (1997), respectively. However,no reliable approach to measuring characteristics of a scattering medium with CF-basedtechniques have been yet developed when noise with a large scale T ≥ τ , such as groundclutter and hard targets, is present; here τpis a separation where C12 ( τp) has the maximum.The major problem is that such noise affects CF at all separations τ and often cannot bedistinguished from a signal itself.A structure function (SF)-based method UCAR-STARS (University Corporation forAtmospheric Research - STructure function Analysis of Received Signals) has beendeveloped recently by Praskovsky and Praskovskaya (2003a, b). The STARS unique featureis a low sensitivity to noise with large temporal scaleT n. This feature was shown theoreticallyin Praskovsky and Praskovskaya (2003a), and demonstrated experimentally for the case ofstrong ground clutter in Praskovsky et al. (2003). The STARS low sensitivity to noise withlarge Tnhas simple physical explanation. The second order cross SF is defined as follows(Tatarskii, 1971, chap. 1A):2D ( τ ) = S ( t)− S ( t + τ ) S ( t)− S ( t(2)[ ] [ ] 212 1 21 1)where S ( t)= E(t)E * ( t)is the instantaneous signal power. The auto SF is a particular case of(2) at S1(t)= S2( t). The increment S1( t)− S2( t + τ ) is a band-pass filter that extractsfluctuations with temporal scales around τ . Only small temporal separations τ ≤ 3δtareused in STARS, where δtis the radar inter-sample time interval. It is clear that anycomponent in the received signal with a sufficiently large temporal scale T n>> 3δtcannotaffect SF because it is merely filtered by the increment. The objective of this paper is anp230
further experimental test of the STARS low sensitivity to the both ground clutter and hardtargets with the Chung-Li radar (CLR).Figure 1. The return signal power during the CLR experiment on 19 June 2002.The CLR is located at the campus of the National Central University (NCU) of Chung-Li,Taiwan at 24.58 o N and 121.0 o E and is operated by the Center for Space and Remote SensingResearch and the Department of Atmospheric Physics of the NCU. CLR is a dual-mode radarwith the operational frequency 52 MHz; it allows the application of a five-beam DopplerBeam Swinging (DBS) mode as well as a spaced antenna mode with three separate antennamodules. Each of these modules consists of 64 Yagis with the beam width of a single moduleof 7.5 o , and that of the combined three modules of 5 o ; see Röttger et al. (1990) for details.Figure 2. Time series of the easterly U and northerly V mean winds on 19 June 2002at a height above the radar 3.45 km (left column) and 7.05 km (right column).Red crosses, DBS; blue bullets, STARS; green circles, FCA.The data collection for comparing SA techniques with DBS was executed on 19 June 2002.The radar was operated 8.2 min. in the SA mode with three separate receiving modules, then1.3 min. in the DBS mode with only one receiving module; the sequence was continuouslyrepeated for approximately 4.5 hours. Both in DBS and SA modes, the radar pulse repetitionfrequency was 3,333 Hz, and the range resolution and the gate separation were 300 m. At thestandard CLR operations, three modules are used for a transmission. Due to temporal defectsin the radar hardware, only one module was used in the experiment for the transmission inboth DBS and SA modes. The transmitted beam width was about 1.5 times larger, and theside lobes were much wider and stronger than those in the standard operations. Therefore, thereceived signals were more heavily affected by ground clutter and hard targets such asairplanes. CLR is located quite close to the airplane flight routes in the vicinity of the Chan231
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MST10Tenth InternationalWORKSHOPOn
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MST 10 Group PictureMay 15 th , 200
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TENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TEC
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Table of ContentsPREFACE ..........
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I.2.18 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF PMSE
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I.3.27 NEW MST RADAR METHODS FOR ME
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I.4.19 STUDY OF A MESOSCALE LAND-TO
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I.5.502 AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE
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PrefaceMST10The Tenth International
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and the local organizing committee,
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The operational aspects and recent
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To improve the understanding of dyn
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Improving MST radar resolution by u
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latitudes, arguing that the former
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Report on Session I.3 “Winds, Wav
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Turbulence.The session then moved i
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Report on Session I.4 “Meteorolog
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Multiple Antenna Profiling Radar (M
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Report on Session II “Novel Persp
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synchronized by GPS and connected v
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The highly positive response of the
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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Session I.1: Radar scattering proce
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⎡7800 ∂q⎤(3)⎢ 15500q⎥M =
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Figure 2 compares profiles of ω B
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Figure 1: Data from the MST radar a
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Ri =shear2ωB22⎛ ∂u⎞ ⎛ ∂v
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Meridional (deg)1050−5−10Echo P
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Subarray Configuration, Capon Metho
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Fig. 2 PMSE plot (SOUSY Svalbard Ra
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VHF radar interferometry had shown
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turbulence. From Figures 1 and 2, i
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SummaryFrom the aspect sensitivity
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a specific range. In this work, syn
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P C(dB)(a) Echo Power60504030200.70
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most occidental area of South Ameri
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Quegan, 1992). It should be useful
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measurements, is shown in figure 1(
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The present observations thus empha
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RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF E REGION FIE
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measured spectra in order to separa
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drifts at E and F regions heights b
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• Are characterized by type II ec
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The main parameters that could be o
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THE ROLE OF UNSTABLE SPORADIC-E LAY
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(σ H / σ P )E y (where σ H and
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STUDY OF A LOW E-REGION QUASI-PERIO
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100 m/syrFigure 4: Geometry of the
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Where the notations carry same mean
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Where dx/dt and dy/dt are the veloc
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non-negativity of the image is prio
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spectrum corresponding to the backs
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The Artigas and Machu-Picchu Statio
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Arguments against the second altern
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Extension of the Kolmogorov spectru
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volumeESRvolumeSSRSSR SSRESR ESRSSR
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individual particles in a statistic
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Anomalous spectraTalkner [4] studie
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To observe the E region FAI echoes,
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matter daytime or nighttime and are
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two sub-arrays, each sub-array made
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4. SummaryHere we describe a radio
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Figure 1. E-region DPS4 spectra, ri
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effects. It is therefore plausible
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1996 and high in 2002). The electri
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electric fields map along the geoma
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SNR condition is always difficult a
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Figure-4 Power spectrum plots of a
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As we show below, Jicamarca offers
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particularly during daytime counter
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where ˆδ nm = (δ l − δ m )
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PMSE is more easily interpreted as
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ResultsTemperature climatology• s
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Simultaneous PMSE and NLC observati
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ResultsSeasonal variationMSE are no
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Figure 2: MSE parameters as functio
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Session I.3: Winds, waves and turbu
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poor. It was shown that poor perfor
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The use of diffraction pattern simi
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F 13 (ξ x ′) = (1 − cos 2ψ N)
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Figure 3: (a) Baseline length depen
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3. ResultsFigure 1 shows the amplit
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variability.Figure 4 shows the aver
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Figure 1. Period-time amplitude wav
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the 12-h and 24-h periodicities in
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winds and variances at altitudes 70
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similar correlation with larger mag
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of the refraction index are not equ
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Fig. 8. Zonal wind (top) and temper
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STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVE
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Page 187 and 188: STUDIES ON WINDS AND MOMENTUM FLUXE
Page 189 and 190: 3.4 Monthly variation of momentum f
Page 191 and 192: DEEP PENETRATIVE CONVECTION AND GEN
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Page 201 and 202: These two last relations are the on
Page 203 and 204: 3.2.1 From v ′2 to ɛ kThe questi
Page 205 and 206: 5.2 Frequency distributionsSeveral
Page 207 and 208: ReferencesAlisse J.-R. and C. Sidi.
Page 209 and 210: Röttger J. and C.H. Liu. Partial r
Page 211 and 212: Specular reflection is negligible f
Page 213 and 214: −0.5C n2 Distribution (PROUST & S
Page 215 and 216: the beamwidth, α is the zenith ang
Page 217 and 218: this latitude in late April). Surfa
Page 219 and 220: Fig. 1. Median (upper) winds and (l
Page 221 and 222: Fig.1. Lines of constant radial vel
Page 223 and 224: which have not yet been considered
Page 225 and 226: is calculated from the radiosonde t
Page 227 and 228: Figure 3: Time-altitude cross-secti
Page 229 and 230: Absorption of cosmic noise is cause
Page 231 and 232: Incoherent scatter spectracompared
Page 233 and 234: variations of spectral widths, refr
Page 235: Figure 1. Diurnal variation of Turb
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Page 241 and 242: winter and a minimum in summer near
Page 243 and 244: The main recently assumed mechanism
Page 245 and 246: Figure 2. Statistics of numbers of
Page 247 and 248: LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF MIDDLE ATMOSP
Page 249 and 250: latitudinal dependence of the seaso
Page 251 and 252: APPLICATION OF THE DUAL-BEAMWIDTH M
Page 253 and 254: Figure 2: Mean zonal and meridional
Page 255 and 256: JLKLLK/ILIL6II/G/II/G/LEODFLK/LO/DD
Page 257 and 258: The monthly diurnal mean of horizon
Page 259 and 260: Session I.4: Meteorological Phenome
Page 261 and 262: Integration of the VHF wind profile
Page 263 and 264: Figure 1 : Map of the Lago Maggiore
Page 265 and 266: precipitating clouds, the cyclonic
Page 267 and 268: Eyewall(a)(b)(c)(d)Fig. 3: Radius-h
Page 269 and 270: as low as 0.55. The Piura 50-MHz ra
Page 271 and 272: place features in the profile with
Page 273 and 274: • Period 1 (June 1-10): SCCs exis
Page 275 and 276: Sumatera occurs by stratiform cloud
Page 277 and 278: very interesting to note the double
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Page 283 and 284: Fig. 5 Passage of typhoon Hayan on
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22 June 2000 23:22:23 - 23:24:20 at
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the time-height section of a convec
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Thurai, M., T.Iguchi,T. Kozu, J.D.E
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There are two main mechanisms which
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Horel, J.D. and Cornejo-Garrido, A.
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estimating two independent and redu
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RASS THETA (K) RASS v-component (m/
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Surface winds usually range from 10
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weak (maximum of 5 m s -1 ) and the
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The vertical component from the VTB
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Figure 8 shows the profile of virtu
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2 3D ( , ) ( ) ( ) ˆ ( ) ˆp∆ xm
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presented in Praskovsky et al. (200
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In Fig. 2 a sketch of a mountain le
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In Fig. 8 the lamina is aligned on
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Figure 1: composite day (13 days) o
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virtual sensible heat fluxes ( Wm-2
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3. Characteristics of precipitation
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Fig. 3: Horizontal distribution of
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3. Results and discussionUHF profil
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Figure 4. Monthly variation of slop
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system with two receiving antennae,
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cycle of precipitation. Figure 3(a)
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Histogram of Zonal Velocityh=5.13 K
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5. Summary of results and concludin
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the two nearby major cities, Chenna
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Boundary layer height, km32.521.5(a
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Figure 1:Data from the MST radar at
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spectral processing. In this partic
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3. Results and discussionIn the pre
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4. SummaryAn attempt has been made
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The purpose of this study is to exa
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Figure1. Three-day average of momen
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3. The improved method to estimate
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But in case of period until 1800 UT
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Session I.5: Operational Aspects an
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The profilers of WINDAS weredesigne
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NOAA, 1994 : Wind profiler assessme
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FIRST RESULTS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
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Figure 3. Pulse Design Diagram to s
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MOVEABLE UHF/S-BAND PROFILER/DISDRO
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one-minute Z values determined from
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TOWARD A MULTISENSOR GROUND BASED R
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3. Cloud Evolution Case StudyOn the
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DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL RECEIVER F
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Experiment 1 Experiment 2IPP 999Km
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ELECTRONIC DIGITAL BEAMFORMING IMPL
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The main element of the unit (figur
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.ON-LINE ADAPTIVE DC-GROUND-CLUTTER
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esulting in a widening of the bandw
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ON THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY OF COCO
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Table 2: Experiment #1 results, Tra
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A NEW NARROW BEAM MF RADAR AT 3 MHZ
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Off-zenith beams towards N, S, E, W
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95ALWIN VHF radar: signal powerdB80
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ANTENNA BEAM VERIFICATION USING COS
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Figure 2: A 45 MHz reference sky te
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AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE UHF STR
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is at 4.7 km, but in the first 4-ga
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QUALITY CONTROL FOR DOPPLER WIND PR
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The resulting moments are subjected
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SOUSY RADAR AT JICAMARCA: SYSTEM DE
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NEControl andcomputer roomCompCoute
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THE EQUATORIAL ATMOSPHERE RADAR:SYS
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Table 1: Specifications of the EAR
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VHF ATMOSPHERIC AND METEOR RADAR IN
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ased upon a geotechnical engineerin
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VORTICAL MOTIONS OBSERVED WITH THE
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interpolation from the original gri
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A NEW MINIRADAR TO INVESTIGATE URBA
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e eliminated to analyze correctly t
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Session PWG 1: System Calibrations
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Session PWG 2: Data Analysis, Valid
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• the time series vectors x(k) of
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Fig. 4: reflectivity of the hydrome
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Session PWG 3: Accuracies and Requi
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Session PWG 4: International Collab
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Session II.E: NOVEL PERSPECTIVES AN
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2 Proposed AlgorithmReceived signal
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N#4E-1-16E1A1#1#2A-1-1C1#3C-1-19Fig
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of conventional DCMP, with which th
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applying the directional constraint
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while for a beam of finite width, t
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In order to make the process more q
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WHAT IS TURBULENCE SEEN BY VHF RADA
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Enhanced resolution applyingpulse s
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Beckmann, Spizichino, 1964Fig. 8 Po
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Fig. 11 Plots of temporal variation
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Fig. 14 Distributions of phase cent
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Hocking, W.K., Radar studies of sma
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THE STRUCTURE FUNCTION-BASED APPROA
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{ Ui( t), Vi( t), Wi( t)} = { Ui ,
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161). Assumption 2H: the instantane
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Only the second order SF are consid
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fluctuations umk( t ) along the bas
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VHF PARASITIC RADAR INTERFEROMETRYF
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• All the costs of transmitter pr
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Figure 2: Example of range-azimuth
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Target Altitude, km1009080706050403
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ReferencesGriffiths, H. D., A. J. G
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Participants ListAvery, James P.Uni
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Hysell, David L.EAS/Cornell Univers
Page 491 and 492:
Silva, Robert R.ATRADAustraliarsilv
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AAdachi, A. .......................
Page 495:
TTabary, P. .......................
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