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SNR Gain[dB]0-0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4-0.5-0.6α=-1α=0α=1-0.70 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14UFigure 5: SNR loss as a function of constrained norm value Í.element is multiplied by Í before addition, and it may not be in phase with the main array. Inthis case, Eq. (13) becomes ËÆÊ ´ÔÅ· « Ô × Íµ ¾½·Í (14)where « takes a value between -1 and 1, and is 1 for the case where two signals are in phase, 0for the orthogonal phase, and -1 for the opposite phase. This situation corresponds to the worstpossible case of the proposed algorithm with norm constraint value of Í. Although we haveexamined only the case of one antenna element, Eq. (14) can also be applied to a sub-arrayconsisting of multiple antenna elements, because the norm constraint Í limits the sum of theweight of sub-array elements.In the case shown in Fig. 4, × ½ (0dB) and Í ¼, which gives ËÆÊ of -1.5dB.However, the actual loss is much less than this value as is clear from the figure, because Eq. (14)gives the worst case. Fig. 5 shows ËÆÊ versus Í for the case of Å , assuming the MUradar, and × Í.Apparently, a small constraint is desirable in order to assure a small loss in SNR. If weallow a loss of up to 0.5dB, the norm constraint Í should be set to 0.135, 0.120, and 0.105for the in-phase, orthogonal, and the out-of-phase cases, respectively. As we assumed that theantenna element used for the sub-array has a gain of × Í relative to that for the main-arrayelement, it means that the sub-array element should have a relative gain of -9.2dB in the mainlobe direction for Í ¼½¾. In the case of the MU radar, as a typical example of VHF MSTradars, 3-element Yagi antenna elements with an isotropic gain of 7.2dB are pointed to thezenith, and the main lobe is steered in an angular region of 30 Æ from the zenith. An isotropicgain of less than -2dB is easily achieved in this angular region by pointing the same elementto the horizontal direction, for example. If a specially designed antenna element which hasless sensitivity to the main lobe region is used for the sub-array element, a larger value of Íbecomes acceptable.If we apply the proposed DCMP-CN algorithm, the sub-array elements should always bekept in phase with the main antenna because of the directional constraint. The orthogonal andthe out-of-phase cases examined above correspond to situations where this constraint is notapplied. Fig. 5 shows that if we remove the directional constraint from the algorithm withÍ ¼½¾, we further loose about 0.13dB, or 3%, of the sensitivity. The advantage of not442
applying the directional constraint is that a simpler algorithm with only the norm constraintcan be used, and that no phase calibration is required for the sub-array elements.7 SummaryIn this paper, we applied an adaptive sidelobe suppression algorithm developed for a high-gainantenna to actual data taken by the MU radar, and confirmed its effectiveness in suppressingthe clutter echoes from mountains.By constraining the weight norm of the sub-array as well as the response of the main antennato the desired direction, good cancellation of undesired signal is achieved without disturbingthe main beam pattern. It should be noted that the proposed algorithm does not requireany knowledge on the input signal spectrum.The proposed method can be easily implemented to existing high-gain antenna systems byadding a small number of receiving antenna elements and a personal computer which performsall necessary computation and control.Considerations are made on the value of the norm constraint Í to achieve the best performance.One of the advantages of the proposed algorithm over other adaptive antenna algorithmsis that the controlling parameter is independent from the strength of the interferencesignal, and depends only on the antenna pattern of the main antenna and the sub-array.ReferencesAbe, K., K. Hirasawa, and H. Watanabe, Radar sidelobe canceller characteristics in high powerinterference, IEICE Trans. Commun., E78-B, 1507–1512, 1995.Chu, Y., and W. Fang, A novel wavelet-based generalized sidelobe canceller, IEEE Trans.Antennas Propagat., 47, 1485–1495, 1999.Fudge, G. L., and D. A. Linebarger, Spatial blocking filter derivative constraints for the generalizedsidelobe canceller and MUSIC, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, 44, 51–61, 1996.Griffiths, L. J., and C. W. Jim, An alternative approach to linearly constrained adaptive beamforming,IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 30, 27–34, 1982.Haykin, S. S., Adaptive filter theory, 4th Ed., Prentice Hall, New York, 995pp, 2001.Howells, P. W., Intermediate frequency sidelobe canceller, U. S. Patent No.3202990, 1965.Kamio, K., and T. Sato, An adaptive sidelobe cancellation algorithm for high-gain antennaarrays, IEICE Trans. Commun., J86-B, 790–797, 2003 (in Japanese).McWhirter, J.G., Data-domain penalty function algorithm for stabilized adaptive beamforming,IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar Navig., 147, 265–269, 2000.Takao, K., M. Fujita, and T. Nishi, An adaptive antenna array under directional constraint,IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 24, 662–669, 1976.—, and N. Kikuma, Tamed adaptive antenna array, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 34, 388–394, 1986.Wang, Y., and W. Fang, Wavelet-based broadband beamformers with dynamic subband selection,IEICE Trans. Commun., E83-B, 819–826, 2000.Yang, H., and M. A. Ingram, Design of partially adaptive arrays using the singular-value decomposition,IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 45, 843–850, 1997.443
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MST10Tenth InternationalWORKSHOPOn
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MST 10 Group PictureMay 15 th , 200
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TENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TEC
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Table of ContentsPREFACE ..........
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I.2.18 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF PMSE
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I.3.27 NEW MST RADAR METHODS FOR ME
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I.4.19 STUDY OF A MESOSCALE LAND-TO
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I.5.502 AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE
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PrefaceMST10The Tenth International
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and the local organizing committee,
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The operational aspects and recent
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To improve the understanding of dyn
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Improving MST radar resolution by u
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latitudes, arguing that the former
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Report on Session I.3 “Winds, Wav
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Turbulence.The session then moved i
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Report on Session I.4 “Meteorolog
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Multiple Antenna Profiling Radar (M
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Report on Session II “Novel Persp
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synchronized by GPS and connected v
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The highly positive response of the
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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Session I.1: Radar scattering proce
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⎡7800 ∂q⎤(3)⎢ 15500q⎥M =
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Figure 2 compares profiles of ω B
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Figure 1: Data from the MST radar a
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Ri =shear2ωB22⎛ ∂u⎞ ⎛ ∂v
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Meridional (deg)1050−5−10Echo P
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Subarray Configuration, Capon Metho
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Fig. 2 PMSE plot (SOUSY Svalbard Ra
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VHF radar interferometry had shown
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turbulence. From Figures 1 and 2, i
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SummaryFrom the aspect sensitivity
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a specific range. In this work, syn
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P C(dB)(a) Echo Power60504030200.70
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most occidental area of South Ameri
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Quegan, 1992). It should be useful
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measurements, is shown in figure 1(
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The present observations thus empha
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RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF E REGION FIE
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measured spectra in order to separa
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drifts at E and F regions heights b
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• Are characterized by type II ec
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The main parameters that could be o
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THE ROLE OF UNSTABLE SPORADIC-E LAY
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(σ H / σ P )E y (where σ H and
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STUDY OF A LOW E-REGION QUASI-PERIO
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100 m/syrFigure 4: Geometry of the
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Where the notations carry same mean
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Where dx/dt and dy/dt are the veloc
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non-negativity of the image is prio
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spectrum corresponding to the backs
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The Artigas and Machu-Picchu Statio
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Arguments against the second altern
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Extension of the Kolmogorov spectru
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volumeESRvolumeSSRSSR SSRESR ESRSSR
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individual particles in a statistic
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Anomalous spectraTalkner [4] studie
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To observe the E region FAI echoes,
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matter daytime or nighttime and are
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two sub-arrays, each sub-array made
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4. SummaryHere we describe a radio
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Figure 1. E-region DPS4 spectra, ri
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effects. It is therefore plausible
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1996 and high in 2002). The electri
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electric fields map along the geoma
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SNR condition is always difficult a
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Figure-4 Power spectrum plots of a
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As we show below, Jicamarca offers
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particularly during daytime counter
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where ˆδ nm = (δ l − δ m )
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PMSE is more easily interpreted as
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ResultsTemperature climatology• s
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Simultaneous PMSE and NLC observati
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ResultsSeasonal variationMSE are no
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Figure 2: MSE parameters as functio
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Session I.3: Winds, waves and turbu
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poor. It was shown that poor perfor
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The use of diffraction pattern simi
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F 13 (ξ x ′) = (1 − cos 2ψ N)
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Figure 3: (a) Baseline length depen
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3. ResultsFigure 1 shows the amplit
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variability.Figure 4 shows the aver
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Figure 1. Period-time amplitude wav
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the 12-h and 24-h periodicities in
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winds and variances at altitudes 70
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similar correlation with larger mag
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of the refraction index are not equ
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Fig. 8. Zonal wind (top) and temper
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STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVE
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1100-1200 hours. From this plot 6.3
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STUDIES ON WINDS AND MOMENTUM FLUXE
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3.4 Monthly variation of momentum f
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DEEP PENETRATIVE CONVECTION AND GEN
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ly changes direction with time with
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189
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191
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193
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These two last relations are the on
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3.2.1 From v ′2 to ɛ kThe questi
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5.2 Frequency distributionsSeveral
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ReferencesAlisse J.-R. and C. Sidi.
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Röttger J. and C.H. Liu. Partial r
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Specular reflection is negligible f
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−0.5C n2 Distribution (PROUST & S
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the beamwidth, α is the zenith ang
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this latitude in late April). Surfa
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Fig. 1. Median (upper) winds and (l
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Fig.1. Lines of constant radial vel
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which have not yet been considered
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is calculated from the radiosonde t
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Figure 3: Time-altitude cross-secti
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Absorption of cosmic noise is cause
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Incoherent scatter spectracompared
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variations of spectral widths, refr
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Figure 1. Diurnal variation of Turb
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further experimental test of the ST
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waves can be observed more clearly
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winter and a minimum in summer near
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The main recently assumed mechanism
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Figure 2. Statistics of numbers of
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LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF MIDDLE ATMOSP
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latitudinal dependence of the seaso
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APPLICATION OF THE DUAL-BEAMWIDTH M
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Figure 2: Mean zonal and meridional
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JLKLLK/ILIL6II/G/II/G/LEODFLK/LO/DD
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The monthly diurnal mean of horizon
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Session I.4: Meteorological Phenome
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Integration of the VHF wind profile
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Figure 1 : Map of the Lago Maggiore
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precipitating clouds, the cyclonic
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Eyewall(a)(b)(c)(d)Fig. 3: Radius-h
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as low as 0.55. The Piura 50-MHz ra
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place features in the profile with
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• Period 1 (June 1-10): SCCs exis
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Sumatera occurs by stratiform cloud
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very interesting to note the double
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20(a) Convective Region(b) Transiti
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Typhoon LekimaFig. 2 Typhoon Lekima
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Fig. 5 Passage of typhoon Hayan on
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the 50 cm 2 sensor head, enabling t
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22 June 2000 23:22:23 - 23:24:20 at
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the time-height section of a convec
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Thurai, M., T.Iguchi,T. Kozu, J.D.E
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There are two main mechanisms which
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Horel, J.D. and Cornejo-Garrido, A.
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estimating two independent and redu
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RASS THETA (K) RASS v-component (m/
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Surface winds usually range from 10
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weak (maximum of 5 m s -1 ) and the
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The vertical component from the VTB
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Figure 8 shows the profile of virtu
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2 3D ( , ) ( ) ( ) ˆ ( ) ˆp∆ xm
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presented in Praskovsky et al. (200
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In Fig. 2 a sketch of a mountain le
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In Fig. 8 the lamina is aligned on
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Figure 1: composite day (13 days) o
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virtual sensible heat fluxes ( Wm-2
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3. Characteristics of precipitation
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Fig. 3: Horizontal distribution of
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3. Results and discussionUHF profil
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Figure 4. Monthly variation of slop
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system with two receiving antennae,
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cycle of precipitation. Figure 3(a)
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Histogram of Zonal Velocityh=5.13 K
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5. Summary of results and concludin
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the two nearby major cities, Chenna
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Boundary layer height, km32.521.5(a
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Figure 1:Data from the MST radar at
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spectral processing. In this partic
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3. Results and discussionIn the pre
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4. SummaryAn attempt has been made
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The purpose of this study is to exa
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Figure1. Three-day average of momen
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3. The improved method to estimate
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But in case of period until 1800 UT
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Session I.5: Operational Aspects an
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The profilers of WINDAS weredesigne
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NOAA, 1994 : Wind profiler assessme
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FIRST RESULTS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
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Figure 3. Pulse Design Diagram to s
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MOVEABLE UHF/S-BAND PROFILER/DISDRO
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one-minute Z values determined from
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TOWARD A MULTISENSOR GROUND BASED R
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3. Cloud Evolution Case StudyOn the
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DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL RECEIVER F
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Experiment 1 Experiment 2IPP 999Km
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ELECTRONIC DIGITAL BEAMFORMING IMPL
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The main element of the unit (figur
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.ON-LINE ADAPTIVE DC-GROUND-CLUTTER
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esulting in a widening of the bandw
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ON THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY OF COCO
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Table 2: Experiment #1 results, Tra
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A NEW NARROW BEAM MF RADAR AT 3 MHZ
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Off-zenith beams towards N, S, E, W
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95ALWIN VHF radar: signal powerdB80
Page 397 and 398: ANTENNA BEAM VERIFICATION USING COS
Page 399 and 400: Figure 2: A 45 MHz reference sky te
Page 401 and 402: AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE UHF STR
Page 403 and 404: is at 4.7 km, but in the first 4-ga
Page 405 and 406: QUALITY CONTROL FOR DOPPLER WIND PR
Page 407 and 408: The resulting moments are subjected
Page 409 and 410: SOUSY RADAR AT JICAMARCA: SYSTEM DE
Page 411 and 412: NEControl andcomputer roomCompCoute
Page 413 and 414: THE EQUATORIAL ATMOSPHERE RADAR:SYS
Page 415 and 416: Table 1: Specifications of the EAR
Page 417 and 418: VHF ATMOSPHERIC AND METEOR RADAR IN
Page 419 and 420: ased upon a geotechnical engineerin
Page 421 and 422: VORTICAL MOTIONS OBSERVED WITH THE
Page 423 and 424: interpolation from the original gri
Page 425 and 426: A NEW MINIRADAR TO INVESTIGATE URBA
Page 427 and 428: e eliminated to analyze correctly t
Page 429 and 430: Session PWG 1: System Calibrations
Page 431 and 432: Session PWG 2: Data Analysis, Valid
Page 433 and 434: • the time series vectors x(k) of
Page 435 and 436: Fig. 4: reflectivity of the hydrome
Page 437 and 438: Session PWG 3: Accuracies and Requi
Page 439 and 440: Session PWG 4: International Collab
Page 441 and 442: Session II.E: NOVEL PERSPECTIVES AN
Page 443 and 444: 2 Proposed AlgorithmReceived signal
Page 445 and 446: N#4E-1-16E1A1#1#2A-1-1C1#3C-1-19Fig
Page 447: of conventional DCMP, with which th
Page 451 and 452: while for a beam of finite width, t
Page 453 and 454: In order to make the process more q
Page 455 and 456: WHAT IS TURBULENCE SEEN BY VHF RADA
Page 457 and 458: Enhanced resolution applyingpulse s
Page 459 and 460: Beckmann, Spizichino, 1964Fig. 8 Po
Page 461 and 462: Fig. 11 Plots of temporal variation
Page 463 and 464: Fig. 14 Distributions of phase cent
Page 465 and 466: Hocking, W.K., Radar studies of sma
Page 467 and 468: THE STRUCTURE FUNCTION-BASED APPROA
Page 469 and 470: { Ui( t), Vi( t), Wi( t)} = { Ui ,
Page 471 and 472: 161). Assumption 2H: the instantane
Page 473 and 474: Only the second order SF are consid
Page 475 and 476: fluctuations umk( t ) along the bas
Page 477 and 478: VHF PARASITIC RADAR INTERFEROMETRYF
Page 479 and 480: • All the costs of transmitter pr
Page 481 and 482: Figure 2: Example of range-azimuth
Page 483 and 484: Target Altitude, km1009080706050403
Page 485 and 486: ReferencesGriffiths, H. D., A. J. G
Page 487 and 488: Participants ListAvery, James P.Uni
Page 489 and 490: Hysell, David L.EAS/Cornell Univers
Page 491 and 492: Silva, Robert R.ATRADAustraliarsilv
Page 493 and 494: AAdachi, A. .......................
Page 495: TTabary, P. .......................
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