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the advantage of containing controller electronics in a single chip and can beupgraded by software.Figure 5. Radiation patterns of Sousy antenna for the 0 o and 15 o South center modes.Phase shifters set for 0 o off-set..For reception we are using the newly designed Jicamarca digital receiving system(Figure 2(b), for details see Micchue and Woodman this issue). In short, it uses theevaluation card of an Analog Devices chip (AD6620) designed mainly for the cellularphone industry. This board uses software developed by the manufacturer to configurethe different chip parameters, such digital filters, NCO (Numeric ControlledOscillator) and digital attenuation. The main advantages compared with an analogreceiver are: 1) high sampling rates, 2) higher dynamic range, 3) programmable filterswith very flexible designs, and 4) an ideal quadrature between real and imaginaryoutputs of the receiver. The output of the receiver is channeled directly to a PCIinterface card working at 80 Mbytes per second. Processing is done on a PC workingunder Windows.ReferencesCzechowsky, P., J. Klostermeyer, J. Röttger, R. Ruster, G. Schmidt, and R. F.Woodman; The SOUSY-VHF radar for tropo-strato-and mesospheric sounding,Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Radar Meteorology, pp. 349-353, AmericanMeteorological Society, Boston, Mass. 1976.Czechowsky, P., G. Schmidt, and R. Ruster; The mobile SOUSY Doppler radar:Technical design and first results, Radio Sci., 19, 441-450, 1984.Tobaja, E., R.F. Woodman, and D. Haseltine; Synchronous programmable sequencer,S.P.S., Arecibo Observatory, Technical Report, September 1978.Woodman, R. F., R. P. Kugel, and J. Röttger; A coherent integrator-decoderpreprocessor for the SOUSY-VHF-Radar, Radio Sci., 15, 233-242, 1980.406
THE EQUATORIAL ATMOSPHERE RADAR:SYSTEM AND NEW RESULTSShoichiro Fukao, Hiroyuki Hashiguchi, and Masayuki K. YamamotoIntroductionRadio Science Center for Space and Atmosphere, Kyoto University(e-mail:fukao@kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp)The Western Pacific region, called the Indonesian Archipelago, is a center of intenseatmospheric motions that are considered to be closely associated with the global atmosphericchange. The world’s most active convective clouds are generated in this region.The mechanisms responsible for these atmospheric changes and fluctuations, however,have not yet been clearly identified because of the sparseness of observational data fromthat region. A VHF Doppler radar with an active phased-array antenna system, called theEquatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR), was established at the equator near Bukittinggi,West Sumatra, Indonesia (0.20 ◦ S, 100.32 ◦ E, 865 m above sea level) in March 2001. Inthis paper, we will describe the outline of the EAR system.The EAR SystemTable 1 shows the specifications of the EAR system. Its operating frequency is 47.0MHz and its bandwidth is 4 MHz. The maximum peak and average radiation powers are100 kW and 5 kW, respectively (the maximum duty ratio is 5%). A subpulse width asshort as 0.5 µs can be accommodated by the 4-MHz bandwidth of the system to satisfythe requirement for a maximum range resolution of 75 m. The nominal one way halfpower antenna beam width is 3.4 ◦ .Figure 1 shows the schematic block diagram of the EAR system. The hardware ofthe EAR consists mainly of five subsystems; the antenna array (ANT), the transmitterand receiver (TRX), the signal modulator and demodulator (SMD), the signal processor(SP), and the host computer (HC). Figure 2 shows the view of the entire EAR antennafield. The EAR uses a circular antenna array, approximately 110 m in diameter, whichconsists of 560 three-element Yagi antennas. Each antenna is driven by a solid-statetransmitter-receiver module. The TRX is composed of a pre-amplifier (Pre-amp), anindoor divider and combiner unit (DCU), 24 outdoor DCUs, and 560 TR modules. Fortransmission, the RF (47.0-MHz) signal from the SMD is amplified by the Pre-amp anddivided equally into 560 signals by the indoor and outdoor DCUs. Each of the 560 signalsis sent at a low power level (0.3 mW or 5 dBm) to a TR module and amplified to thefinal transmitting power level of 180 W (peak; 52.5 dBm).The SMD is composed of a stable local oscillator (STALO) of 37 MHz, a coherentoscillator (COHO) of 10 MHz, two frequency conversion units (one of which forms asuper-heterodyne receiver), a phase detector, two analog-to-digital converters (A/Ds),and a radar controller (RC). The receiver has a wide dynamic range of more than 70dB. The IF (intermediate frequency) transmitter source signal of 10MHz is generated byapplying a specified phase-modulation and pulse-modulation to the COHO signal in themodulator. The source signal is up-converted to the RF transmitted signal of 47.0 MHzby mixing it with the STALO signal in the frequency conversion unit. On the other hand,the signal received at 47.0 MHz is down-converted to the IF of 10 MHz in the frequencyconversion unit. The IF signal is subsequently down-converted to a video signal (analogsignal) by COHO and divided into in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) signals by aphase detector. The I and Q video signals are then converted to 14-bit digital signals by407
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MST10Tenth InternationalWORKSHOPOn
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MST 10 Group PictureMay 15 th , 200
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TENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TEC
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Table of ContentsPREFACE ..........
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I.2.18 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF PMSE
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I.3.27 NEW MST RADAR METHODS FOR ME
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I.4.19 STUDY OF A MESOSCALE LAND-TO
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I.5.502 AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE
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PrefaceMST10The Tenth International
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and the local organizing committee,
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The operational aspects and recent
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To improve the understanding of dyn
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Improving MST radar resolution by u
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latitudes, arguing that the former
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Report on Session I.3 “Winds, Wav
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Turbulence.The session then moved i
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Report on Session I.4 “Meteorolog
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Multiple Antenna Profiling Radar (M
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Report on Session II “Novel Persp
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synchronized by GPS and connected v
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The highly positive response of the
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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Session I.1: Radar scattering proce
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⎡7800 ∂q⎤(3)⎢ 15500q⎥M =
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Figure 2 compares profiles of ω B
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Figure 1: Data from the MST radar a
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Ri =shear2ωB22⎛ ∂u⎞ ⎛ ∂v
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Meridional (deg)1050−5−10Echo P
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Subarray Configuration, Capon Metho
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Fig. 2 PMSE plot (SOUSY Svalbard Ra
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VHF radar interferometry had shown
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turbulence. From Figures 1 and 2, i
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SummaryFrom the aspect sensitivity
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a specific range. In this work, syn
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P C(dB)(a) Echo Power60504030200.70
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most occidental area of South Ameri
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Quegan, 1992). It should be useful
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measurements, is shown in figure 1(
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The present observations thus empha
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RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF E REGION FIE
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measured spectra in order to separa
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drifts at E and F regions heights b
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• Are characterized by type II ec
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The main parameters that could be o
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THE ROLE OF UNSTABLE SPORADIC-E LAY
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(σ H / σ P )E y (where σ H and
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STUDY OF A LOW E-REGION QUASI-PERIO
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100 m/syrFigure 4: Geometry of the
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Where the notations carry same mean
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Where dx/dt and dy/dt are the veloc
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non-negativity of the image is prio
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spectrum corresponding to the backs
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The Artigas and Machu-Picchu Statio
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Arguments against the second altern
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Extension of the Kolmogorov spectru
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volumeESRvolumeSSRSSR SSRESR ESRSSR
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individual particles in a statistic
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Anomalous spectraTalkner [4] studie
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To observe the E region FAI echoes,
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matter daytime or nighttime and are
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two sub-arrays, each sub-array made
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4. SummaryHere we describe a radio
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Figure 1. E-region DPS4 spectra, ri
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effects. It is therefore plausible
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1996 and high in 2002). The electri
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electric fields map along the geoma
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SNR condition is always difficult a
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Figure-4 Power spectrum plots of a
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As we show below, Jicamarca offers
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particularly during daytime counter
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where ˆδ nm = (δ l − δ m )
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PMSE is more easily interpreted as
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ResultsTemperature climatology• s
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Simultaneous PMSE and NLC observati
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ResultsSeasonal variationMSE are no
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Figure 2: MSE parameters as functio
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Session I.3: Winds, waves and turbu
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poor. It was shown that poor perfor
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The use of diffraction pattern simi
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F 13 (ξ x ′) = (1 − cos 2ψ N)
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Figure 3: (a) Baseline length depen
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3. ResultsFigure 1 shows the amplit
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variability.Figure 4 shows the aver
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Figure 1. Period-time amplitude wav
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the 12-h and 24-h periodicities in
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winds and variances at altitudes 70
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similar correlation with larger mag
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of the refraction index are not equ
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Fig. 8. Zonal wind (top) and temper
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STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVE
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1100-1200 hours. From this plot 6.3
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STUDIES ON WINDS AND MOMENTUM FLUXE
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3.4 Monthly variation of momentum f
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DEEP PENETRATIVE CONVECTION AND GEN
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ly changes direction with time with
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189
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191
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193
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These two last relations are the on
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3.2.1 From v ′2 to ɛ kThe questi
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5.2 Frequency distributionsSeveral
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ReferencesAlisse J.-R. and C. Sidi.
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Röttger J. and C.H. Liu. Partial r
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Specular reflection is negligible f
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−0.5C n2 Distribution (PROUST & S
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the beamwidth, α is the zenith ang
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this latitude in late April). Surfa
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Fig. 1. Median (upper) winds and (l
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Fig.1. Lines of constant radial vel
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which have not yet been considered
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is calculated from the radiosonde t
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Figure 3: Time-altitude cross-secti
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Absorption of cosmic noise is cause
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Incoherent scatter spectracompared
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variations of spectral widths, refr
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Figure 1. Diurnal variation of Turb
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further experimental test of the ST
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waves can be observed more clearly
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winter and a minimum in summer near
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The main recently assumed mechanism
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Figure 2. Statistics of numbers of
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LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF MIDDLE ATMOSP
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latitudinal dependence of the seaso
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APPLICATION OF THE DUAL-BEAMWIDTH M
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Figure 2: Mean zonal and meridional
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JLKLLK/ILIL6II/G/II/G/LEODFLK/LO/DD
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The monthly diurnal mean of horizon
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Session I.4: Meteorological Phenome
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Integration of the VHF wind profile
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Figure 1 : Map of the Lago Maggiore
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precipitating clouds, the cyclonic
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Eyewall(a)(b)(c)(d)Fig. 3: Radius-h
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as low as 0.55. The Piura 50-MHz ra
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place features in the profile with
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• Period 1 (June 1-10): SCCs exis
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Sumatera occurs by stratiform cloud
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very interesting to note the double
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20(a) Convective Region(b) Transiti
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Typhoon LekimaFig. 2 Typhoon Lekima
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Fig. 5 Passage of typhoon Hayan on
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the 50 cm 2 sensor head, enabling t
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22 June 2000 23:22:23 - 23:24:20 at
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the time-height section of a convec
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Thurai, M., T.Iguchi,T. Kozu, J.D.E
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There are two main mechanisms which
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Horel, J.D. and Cornejo-Garrido, A.
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estimating two independent and redu
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RASS THETA (K) RASS v-component (m/
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Surface winds usually range from 10
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weak (maximum of 5 m s -1 ) and the
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The vertical component from the VTB
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Figure 8 shows the profile of virtu
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2 3D ( , ) ( ) ( ) ˆ ( ) ˆp∆ xm
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presented in Praskovsky et al. (200
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In Fig. 2 a sketch of a mountain le
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In Fig. 8 the lamina is aligned on
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Figure 1: composite day (13 days) o
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virtual sensible heat fluxes ( Wm-2
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3. Characteristics of precipitation
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Fig. 3: Horizontal distribution of
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3. Results and discussionUHF profil
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Figure 4. Monthly variation of slop
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system with two receiving antennae,
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cycle of precipitation. Figure 3(a)
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Histogram of Zonal Velocityh=5.13 K
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5. Summary of results and concludin
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the two nearby major cities, Chenna
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Boundary layer height, km32.521.5(a
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Figure 1:Data from the MST radar at
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spectral processing. In this partic
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3. Results and discussionIn the pre
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4. SummaryAn attempt has been made
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The purpose of this study is to exa
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Figure1. Three-day average of momen
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3. The improved method to estimate
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But in case of period until 1800 UT
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Session I.5: Operational Aspects an
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The profilers of WINDAS weredesigne
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Page 363 and 364: FIRST RESULTS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
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Page 373 and 374: 3. Cloud Evolution Case StudyOn the
Page 375 and 376: DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL RECEIVER F
Page 377 and 378: Experiment 1 Experiment 2IPP 999Km
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Page 381 and 382: The main element of the unit (figur
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Page 387 and 388: ON THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY OF COCO
Page 389 and 390: Table 2: Experiment #1 results, Tra
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Page 393 and 394: Off-zenith beams towards N, S, E, W
Page 395 and 396: 95ALWIN VHF radar: signal powerdB80
Page 397 and 398: ANTENNA BEAM VERIFICATION USING COS
Page 399 and 400: Figure 2: A 45 MHz reference sky te
Page 401 and 402: AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE UHF STR
Page 403 and 404: is at 4.7 km, but in the first 4-ga
Page 405 and 406: QUALITY CONTROL FOR DOPPLER WIND PR
Page 407 and 408: The resulting moments are subjected
Page 409 and 410: SOUSY RADAR AT JICAMARCA: SYSTEM DE
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Page 415 and 416: Table 1: Specifications of the EAR
Page 417 and 418: VHF ATMOSPHERIC AND METEOR RADAR IN
Page 419 and 420: ased upon a geotechnical engineerin
Page 421 and 422: VORTICAL MOTIONS OBSERVED WITH THE
Page 423 and 424: interpolation from the original gri
Page 425 and 426: A NEW MINIRADAR TO INVESTIGATE URBA
Page 427 and 428: e eliminated to analyze correctly t
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Page 431 and 432: Session PWG 2: Data Analysis, Valid
Page 433 and 434: • the time series vectors x(k) of
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Page 437 and 438: Session PWG 3: Accuracies and Requi
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Page 441 and 442: Session II.E: NOVEL PERSPECTIVES AN
Page 443 and 444: 2 Proposed AlgorithmReceived signal
Page 445 and 446: N#4E-1-16E1A1#1#2A-1-1C1#3C-1-19Fig
Page 447 and 448: of conventional DCMP, with which th
Page 449 and 450: applying the directional constraint
Page 451 and 452: while for a beam of finite width, t
Page 453 and 454: In order to make the process more q
Page 455 and 456: WHAT IS TURBULENCE SEEN BY VHF RADA
Page 457 and 458: Enhanced resolution applyingpulse s
Page 459 and 460: Beckmann, Spizichino, 1964Fig. 8 Po
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Fig. 14 Distributions of phase cent
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Hocking, W.K., Radar studies of sma
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THE STRUCTURE FUNCTION-BASED APPROA
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{ Ui( t), Vi( t), Wi( t)} = { Ui ,
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161). Assumption 2H: the instantane
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Only the second order SF are consid
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fluctuations umk( t ) along the bas
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VHF PARASITIC RADAR INTERFEROMETRYF
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• All the costs of transmitter pr
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Figure 2: Example of range-azimuth
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Target Altitude, km1009080706050403
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ReferencesGriffiths, H. D., A. J. G
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Participants ListAvery, James P.Uni
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Hysell, David L.EAS/Cornell Univers
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Silva, Robert R.ATRADAustraliarsilv
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AAdachi, A. .......................
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TTabary, P. .......................
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