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Figure 9 - Same as figure 1 butfor 16/5/025. ConclusionFigure 10 - Ceilometer signalaveraged over 5 mn for 16/5/02.Blue curves are temperatureprofiles.Figure 11 - Same asfigure 2 but for 16/5/02.The agreement between the gradient of the potential refractive index and the signal to noise israther good despite no correction being applied for turbulence. Collocation with theceilometer has allowed us to identify two strengths of convection and confirmed the presenceof a temperature inversion. A collocated cloud radar would allow complete discriminationbetween clear air echo and cloud echo.In the future, we hope to enhance the vertical resolution of the retrievals from ground-basedmicrowave radiometers with collocated active instruments, such as wind profilers by using anestimation of the gradient of the refractive index with the radiometer assimilation.BibliographyCornman L. B., R.K.Goodrich, C.S.Morse, and W.L Ecklund,: Fuzzy logic method forimproved moment estimation from Doppler spectra. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technology,15, 1287-1305. 1998Gossard, E. E, D. E. Wolfe, K. P. Moran,R. A. Paulus, K. D. Anderson, and L. T. Rogers:Measurements of clear_air gradients, fluxes and stucture paramaters in elevated layers.J.Appl. Meteor., 21, 211-226 1998.Stankov, B. B., E.E Gossard, B. .l. Weber, R.J. Lataitis, A. B. White, D. E. Wolfe, D. C.Welsh, R. G. Strauch,: Humidity Gradient Profiles from Wind Profiling Radars Using theNOAA/ETL Advanced Signal Processing System (SPS), J. Atmos. Oceanic Technology.,20.2003Stankov B. B.,:Multisensor Retrieval of Atmospheric Properties. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 79,1835-1854. 1998.Cornman L. B., R.K.Goodrich, C.S.Morse, and W.L Ecklund,: Fuzzy logic method forimproved moment estimation from Doppler spectra. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technology,15, 1287-1305. 1998368
DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL RECEIVER FOR THE JICAMARCAOBSERVATORY RADARSGabriel Michhue and Ronald F. WoodmanJicamarca Radio Observatory, Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Lima, PeruThe large proliferation of cellular telephones and services has made available very powerfuldigital receivers at a very economical price. This has open the possibility to modernize thereceivers used at the Jicamarca Observatory, using this technique, for all of the radarscurrently in use at the observatory, including the IS radar, JULIA, the Antarctic MST and theSOUSY radar. The receivers are flexible enough and they could be used for other radioexperiments with a simple change of front end and/or receiver local oscillator.The approach taken was to develop our own, but rather than building the receiver using ourown integration of commercially available chips, we have taken advantage of the existence ofcompatible evaluation boards for the 12-bit ADC, sampling at RF frequency speeds, and anevaluation board for the digital receiver proper. This may had not been the propereconomical approach if we were to produce a large number of units, but for a limitedproduction, it has allowed us to reduce the development time and engineering effort. Ourdevelopment effort has been limited to the development of the receivers interface to aNational Instruments PCI PC digital interface and the associated data acquisition software.On figure 1 we show a schematic diagram of the receiving system. In this case we showversion 1, for two receivers; the minimum required for most of the IS experiments. We usean Analog Devices AD6620 Digital receiver evaluation board. This board uses the PCparallel port for receiver configuration setup and for data taking. The low speed of theparallel port is not a limitation for the configuration function but it is too slow for data taking.Fortunately, the board has a direct access to the parallel data output of the digital receiverchip which is connected directly to the PCI interface. Independent configuration of the tworeceivers is performed through the parallel port. This port also allows us to use themanufacturer’s software for receiver evaluation tasks that do not require high speed. In thisversion the two 16-bit data outputs of the two receivers are concatenated to produce 32-bitoutput, which is connected to a National Instruments PCI board through a 64KWord FIFO,which is part of our interface board. We can achieve in this way a maximum throughput of80 Mega samples/sec, much higher than required by the maximum bandwidth (BW) of thetransmitter/antenna and analog receiving front end.The antenna signals are passed through a 25dB gain analog front end with a BW of 4MHz.The analog filter has a sharp cut-off and is used to reject any RF interference before thesampling and digital filtering operations. Sampling is performed at 64MHz, which effectivelybeats the 50MHZ signal to an aliased –32 to +32 MHz window with a center frequency of14Mhz. Sampling is performed in an AD6640 12-bit analog to digital converter. TheAD6620 digital receiver schematic is shown in figure 2. The 14 MHz is converted there tobase band, it is then filtered and decimated by the three internal filters of the AD6620 unit.The first two cascaded integrated comb (CIC) filters are used to reject further undesiredfrequencies and reduced the sampling rate to a convenient rate (~4MHz). Final hardwarefiltering is performed in the third unit ram coefficient finite impulse response (RCF) filter, aprogrammable 256 register FIR filter which as such has a large flexibility to produce almostany desired BW shape, including exact matched-filters matched to the “square” transmitterwaveform. The 16-bit output of the receiver gives us approximately 90 dB of dynamic range,before incoherent integration, when the receiver scaling is adjusted to give 2 bit RMS noise369
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MST10Tenth InternationalWORKSHOPOn
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MST 10 Group PictureMay 15 th , 200
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TENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TEC
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Table of ContentsPREFACE ..........
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I.2.18 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF PMSE
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I.3.27 NEW MST RADAR METHODS FOR ME
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I.4.19 STUDY OF A MESOSCALE LAND-TO
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I.5.502 AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE
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PrefaceMST10The Tenth International
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and the local organizing committee,
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The operational aspects and recent
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To improve the understanding of dyn
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Improving MST radar resolution by u
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latitudes, arguing that the former
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Report on Session I.3 “Winds, Wav
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Turbulence.The session then moved i
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Report on Session I.4 “Meteorolog
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Multiple Antenna Profiling Radar (M
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Report on Session II “Novel Persp
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synchronized by GPS and connected v
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The highly positive response of the
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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Session I.1: Radar scattering proce
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⎡7800 ∂q⎤(3)⎢ 15500q⎥M =
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Figure 2 compares profiles of ω B
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Figure 1: Data from the MST radar a
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Ri =shear2ωB22⎛ ∂u⎞ ⎛ ∂v
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Meridional (deg)1050−5−10Echo P
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Subarray Configuration, Capon Metho
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Fig. 2 PMSE plot (SOUSY Svalbard Ra
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VHF radar interferometry had shown
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turbulence. From Figures 1 and 2, i
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SummaryFrom the aspect sensitivity
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a specific range. In this work, syn
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P C(dB)(a) Echo Power60504030200.70
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most occidental area of South Ameri
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Quegan, 1992). It should be useful
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measurements, is shown in figure 1(
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The present observations thus empha
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RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF E REGION FIE
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measured spectra in order to separa
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drifts at E and F regions heights b
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• Are characterized by type II ec
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The main parameters that could be o
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THE ROLE OF UNSTABLE SPORADIC-E LAY
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(σ H / σ P )E y (where σ H and
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STUDY OF A LOW E-REGION QUASI-PERIO
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100 m/syrFigure 4: Geometry of the
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Where the notations carry same mean
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Where dx/dt and dy/dt are the veloc
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non-negativity of the image is prio
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spectrum corresponding to the backs
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The Artigas and Machu-Picchu Statio
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Arguments against the second altern
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Extension of the Kolmogorov spectru
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volumeESRvolumeSSRSSR SSRESR ESRSSR
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individual particles in a statistic
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Anomalous spectraTalkner [4] studie
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To observe the E region FAI echoes,
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matter daytime or nighttime and are
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two sub-arrays, each sub-array made
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4. SummaryHere we describe a radio
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Figure 1. E-region DPS4 spectra, ri
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effects. It is therefore plausible
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1996 and high in 2002). The electri
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electric fields map along the geoma
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SNR condition is always difficult a
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Figure-4 Power spectrum plots of a
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As we show below, Jicamarca offers
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particularly during daytime counter
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where ˆδ nm = (δ l − δ m )
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PMSE is more easily interpreted as
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ResultsTemperature climatology• s
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Simultaneous PMSE and NLC observati
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ResultsSeasonal variationMSE are no
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Figure 2: MSE parameters as functio
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Session I.3: Winds, waves and turbu
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poor. It was shown that poor perfor
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The use of diffraction pattern simi
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F 13 (ξ x ′) = (1 − cos 2ψ N)
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Figure 3: (a) Baseline length depen
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3. ResultsFigure 1 shows the amplit
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variability.Figure 4 shows the aver
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Figure 1. Period-time amplitude wav
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the 12-h and 24-h periodicities in
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winds and variances at altitudes 70
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similar correlation with larger mag
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of the refraction index are not equ
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Fig. 8. Zonal wind (top) and temper
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STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVE
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1100-1200 hours. From this plot 6.3
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STUDIES ON WINDS AND MOMENTUM FLUXE
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3.4 Monthly variation of momentum f
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DEEP PENETRATIVE CONVECTION AND GEN
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ly changes direction with time with
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189
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191
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193
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These two last relations are the on
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3.2.1 From v ′2 to ɛ kThe questi
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5.2 Frequency distributionsSeveral
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ReferencesAlisse J.-R. and C. Sidi.
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Röttger J. and C.H. Liu. Partial r
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Specular reflection is negligible f
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−0.5C n2 Distribution (PROUST & S
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the beamwidth, α is the zenith ang
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this latitude in late April). Surfa
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Fig. 1. Median (upper) winds and (l
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Fig.1. Lines of constant radial vel
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which have not yet been considered
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is calculated from the radiosonde t
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Figure 3: Time-altitude cross-secti
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Absorption of cosmic noise is cause
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Incoherent scatter spectracompared
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variations of spectral widths, refr
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Figure 1. Diurnal variation of Turb
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further experimental test of the ST
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waves can be observed more clearly
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winter and a minimum in summer near
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The main recently assumed mechanism
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Figure 2. Statistics of numbers of
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LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF MIDDLE ATMOSP
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latitudinal dependence of the seaso
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APPLICATION OF THE DUAL-BEAMWIDTH M
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Figure 2: Mean zonal and meridional
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JLKLLK/ILIL6II/G/II/G/LEODFLK/LO/DD
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The monthly diurnal mean of horizon
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Session I.4: Meteorological Phenome
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Integration of the VHF wind profile
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Figure 1 : Map of the Lago Maggiore
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precipitating clouds, the cyclonic
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Eyewall(a)(b)(c)(d)Fig. 3: Radius-h
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as low as 0.55. The Piura 50-MHz ra
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place features in the profile with
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• Period 1 (June 1-10): SCCs exis
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Sumatera occurs by stratiform cloud
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very interesting to note the double
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20(a) Convective Region(b) Transiti
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Typhoon LekimaFig. 2 Typhoon Lekima
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Fig. 5 Passage of typhoon Hayan on
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the 50 cm 2 sensor head, enabling t
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22 June 2000 23:22:23 - 23:24:20 at
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the time-height section of a convec
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Thurai, M., T.Iguchi,T. Kozu, J.D.E
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There are two main mechanisms which
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Horel, J.D. and Cornejo-Garrido, A.
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estimating two independent and redu
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RASS THETA (K) RASS v-component (m/
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Surface winds usually range from 10
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weak (maximum of 5 m s -1 ) and the
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The vertical component from the VTB
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Figure 8 shows the profile of virtu
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2 3D ( , ) ( ) ( ) ˆ ( ) ˆp∆ xm
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presented in Praskovsky et al. (200
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In Fig. 2 a sketch of a mountain le
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In Fig. 8 the lamina is aligned on
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Figure 1: composite day (13 days) o
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virtual sensible heat fluxes ( Wm-2
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3. Characteristics of precipitation
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Page 325 and 326: 3. Results and discussionUHF profil
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Page 331 and 332: cycle of precipitation. Figure 3(a)
Page 333 and 334: Histogram of Zonal Velocityh=5.13 K
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Page 339 and 340: Boundary layer height, km32.521.5(a
Page 341 and 342: Figure 1:Data from the MST radar at
Page 343 and 344: spectral processing. In this partic
Page 345 and 346: 3. Results and discussionIn the pre
Page 347 and 348: 4. SummaryAn attempt has been made
Page 349 and 350: The purpose of this study is to exa
Page 351 and 352: Figure1. Three-day average of momen
Page 353 and 354: 3. The improved method to estimate
Page 355 and 356: But in case of period until 1800 UT
Page 357 and 358: Session I.5: Operational Aspects an
Page 359 and 360: The profilers of WINDAS weredesigne
Page 361 and 362: NOAA, 1994 : Wind profiler assessme
Page 363 and 364: FIRST RESULTS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
Page 365 and 366: Figure 3. Pulse Design Diagram to s
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Page 371 and 372: TOWARD A MULTISENSOR GROUND BASED R
Page 373: 3. Cloud Evolution Case StudyOn the
Page 377 and 378: Experiment 1 Experiment 2IPP 999Km
Page 379 and 380: ELECTRONIC DIGITAL BEAMFORMING IMPL
Page 381 and 382: The main element of the unit (figur
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Page 387 and 388: ON THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY OF COCO
Page 389 and 390: Table 2: Experiment #1 results, Tra
Page 391 and 392: A NEW NARROW BEAM MF RADAR AT 3 MHZ
Page 393 and 394: Off-zenith beams towards N, S, E, W
Page 395 and 396: 95ALWIN VHF radar: signal powerdB80
Page 397 and 398: ANTENNA BEAM VERIFICATION USING COS
Page 399 and 400: Figure 2: A 45 MHz reference sky te
Page 401 and 402: AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE UHF STR
Page 403 and 404: is at 4.7 km, but in the first 4-ga
Page 405 and 406: QUALITY CONTROL FOR DOPPLER WIND PR
Page 407 and 408: The resulting moments are subjected
Page 409 and 410: SOUSY RADAR AT JICAMARCA: SYSTEM DE
Page 411 and 412: NEControl andcomputer roomCompCoute
Page 413 and 414: THE EQUATORIAL ATMOSPHERE RADAR:SYS
Page 415 and 416: Table 1: Specifications of the EAR
Page 417 and 418: VHF ATMOSPHERIC AND METEOR RADAR IN
Page 419 and 420: ased upon a geotechnical engineerin
Page 421 and 422: VORTICAL MOTIONS OBSERVED WITH THE
Page 423 and 424: interpolation from the original gri
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A NEW MINIRADAR TO INVESTIGATE URBA
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e eliminated to analyze correctly t
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Session PWG 1: System Calibrations
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Session PWG 2: Data Analysis, Valid
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• the time series vectors x(k) of
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Fig. 4: reflectivity of the hydrome
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Session PWG 3: Accuracies and Requi
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Session PWG 4: International Collab
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Session II.E: NOVEL PERSPECTIVES AN
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2 Proposed AlgorithmReceived signal
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N#4E-1-16E1A1#1#2A-1-1C1#3C-1-19Fig
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of conventional DCMP, with which th
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applying the directional constraint
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while for a beam of finite width, t
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In order to make the process more q
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WHAT IS TURBULENCE SEEN BY VHF RADA
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Enhanced resolution applyingpulse s
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Beckmann, Spizichino, 1964Fig. 8 Po
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Fig. 11 Plots of temporal variation
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Fig. 14 Distributions of phase cent
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Hocking, W.K., Radar studies of sma
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THE STRUCTURE FUNCTION-BASED APPROA
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{ Ui( t), Vi( t), Wi( t)} = { Ui ,
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161). Assumption 2H: the instantane
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Only the second order SF are consid
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fluctuations umk( t ) along the bas
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VHF PARASITIC RADAR INTERFEROMETRYF
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• All the costs of transmitter pr
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Figure 2: Example of range-azimuth
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Target Altitude, km1009080706050403
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ReferencesGriffiths, H. D., A. J. G
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Participants ListAvery, James P.Uni
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Hysell, David L.EAS/Cornell Univers
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Silva, Robert R.ATRADAustraliarsilv
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AAdachi, A. .......................
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TTabary, P. .......................
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