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AN ADAPTIVE CLUTTER REJECTION SCHEMEFOR MST RADARSToru SATO and Kazunori KAMIODepartment of Communications and Computer EngineeringGraduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University,Kyoto 606–8501, JapanE-mail: tsato@kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp1 IntroductionSidelobe cancelling is an important issue in various fields of antenna engineering. In atmosphericradar applications, where a sharp antenna beam is usually configured by a large arrayantenna, strong clutter echoes from surrounding mountains are the major source of interference.A clear advantage of the adaptive antenna is that it makes use of an extra information ofthe direction of arrival in discriminating undesired echoes in contrast to other clutter rejectionschemes based on signal processing of the received echoes, such as adaptive filtering. However,conventional algorithms for the adaptive antenna had a serious defect of distorting the antennamain beam pattern when they are directly applied to atmospheric radars.Original sidelobe canceller by Howells (1965) may cancel the output of the main beamunder extremely strong interference signal. This effect is mitigated by adding a limiter inits feedback loop (Abe et al., 1995), but the threshold should be controlled according to theinterference level. Since the sidelobe canceller is regarded as a type of adaptive antenna, DirectionallyConstrained Minimum Power (DCMP) algorithm (Takao et al., 1976) can be usedto suppress the sidelobe echoes while maintaining the desired signal. The same principle is alsoknown as Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) (Haykin, 2001). This idea isfurther utilized in a variety of Generalized Sidelobe Canceling (GSC) algorithms (Griffiths andJim, 1982), which assure the response in the desired direction by controlling the weight of anoutput which does not contain desired signal. Efforts have been made to effectively delete thedesired signal in this output by means of block filters (Fudge and Linebarger, 1996, Chu andFang, 1999, Wang and Fang, 2000).Performance of these algorithms depend on the characteristics of the desired signal, andthe shape of the main beam may be altered when the cancellation is not complete. The mainbeam pattern is an essential design factor in the atmospheric radars since the target is widelydistributed in space, and the ‘desired signal’ is defined as the echoes which return from themain lobe region. A slight change of the shape of the main beam will result in an offset of theestimated wind velocity.Here we introduce a new sidelobe cancelling algorithm (Kamio and Sato, 2003), whichextended DCMP by introducing another constraint on the weight of the receiving array so thatthe main beam pattern of the radar is conserved. We demonstrate its effectiveness by applyingthe technique to actual data taken with the MU (Middle and Upper atmosphere) radar. Itsperformance in rejecting the clutter echoes from surrounding mountains is examined, and theoptimum choice of the controlling parameter is discussed with actual data as well as numericalconsiderations.436
2 Proposed AlgorithmReceived signal of a phased array is given byÝ Ï À (1)where and Ï are the complex input signal vector and the weight vector, respectively. Theoutput power is expressed in terms of the covariance matrix Ê ÜÜ asÈ ½ ¾ Ý¾ ℄ ½ ¾ Ï À À Ï ½ ¾ Ï À Ê ÜÜ Ï (2)Principle of DCMP algorithm(Takao et al., 1976) is to minimize the output power underthe constraintÏ À À £ (3)where is the desired direction vector, and À is the constraint. Here we further apply analternate conditionÏ À Ï Í (4)which forces that the norm of the weight should be less than a given value Í, which is set to besufficiently lower than the main lobe level, but not to affect the weight control of the sideloberegion. This second constraint assures that the entire main lobe pattern is not affected by theweight control. Here we call this algorithm as ‘DCMP Constrained Norm’ (DCMP-CN) incontrast to conventional DCMP.The principle of DCMP-CN is thus expressed asÑÒÏÈ ÓÙØ ½ ¾ Ï À Ê ÜÜ Ï×ÙØ ØÓ Ì Ï £ À ² Ï À Ï Í (6)This minimization problem with an equality constraint and an inequality condition is solved byusing penalty function method. The cost function is expressed asÉ ´Üµ ´Üµ· ´Ö½´ ´Üµµ ¾ ·ÑÖ·½(5)´ ´Üµµ ¾ µ (7)where ´Üµ is the function to be minimized, ´Üµ ¼ gives an equality constraint, and ´Üµ ¼ gives an inequality constraint. Here ´µ ÑÒ¼ ´ µ¾, Ö is thenumber of equality constraints, and ´Ñ Öµ is the number of inequality constraints.We choose an arbitrary increasing series of the penalty factor which vanishes to ½.For each , we minimize É ´Üµ with a non-linear unconstrained optimization algorithm toobtain Ü starting from Ü ½ . This procedure is iterated from Ü ¼ by increasing the penaltyfactor so that Ü converges to the allowed region.The cost function for the current case is given byÉ ´Ï µ ½ ¾ Ï À Ê ÜÜ Ï · Ï À À ¾ ·´Í Ï À Ï µ ¾ ℄ ½ ¾ Ï À Ê ÜÜ Ï · ´Ï À Àµ´ À Ï À £ µ·´Í Ï À Ï µ ¾ ℄ (8)The gradient of É ´Ï µ in terms of the weight vector Ï is given byÖ Û É ´Ï µÊ ÜÜ Ï · ¾´ À Ï À £ µ Ï ´Í Ï À Ï µ ℄ (9)437
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MST10Tenth InternationalWORKSHOPOn
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MST 10 Group PictureMay 15 th , 200
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TENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TEC
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Table of ContentsPREFACE ..........
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I.2.18 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF PMSE
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I.3.27 NEW MST RADAR METHODS FOR ME
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I.4.19 STUDY OF A MESOSCALE LAND-TO
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I.5.502 AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE
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PrefaceMST10The Tenth International
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and the local organizing committee,
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The operational aspects and recent
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To improve the understanding of dyn
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Improving MST radar resolution by u
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latitudes, arguing that the former
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Report on Session I.3 “Winds, Wav
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Turbulence.The session then moved i
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Report on Session I.4 “Meteorolog
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Multiple Antenna Profiling Radar (M
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Report on Session II “Novel Persp
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synchronized by GPS and connected v
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The highly positive response of the
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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10th International Workshop on Tech
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Session I.1: Radar scattering proce
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⎡7800 ∂q⎤(3)⎢ 15500q⎥M =
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Figure 2 compares profiles of ω B
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Figure 1: Data from the MST radar a
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Ri =shear2ωB22⎛ ∂u⎞ ⎛ ∂v
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Meridional (deg)1050−5−10Echo P
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Subarray Configuration, Capon Metho
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Fig. 2 PMSE plot (SOUSY Svalbard Ra
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VHF radar interferometry had shown
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turbulence. From Figures 1 and 2, i
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SummaryFrom the aspect sensitivity
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a specific range. In this work, syn
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P C(dB)(a) Echo Power60504030200.70
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most occidental area of South Ameri
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Quegan, 1992). It should be useful
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measurements, is shown in figure 1(
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The present observations thus empha
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RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF E REGION FIE
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measured spectra in order to separa
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drifts at E and F regions heights b
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• Are characterized by type II ec
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The main parameters that could be o
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THE ROLE OF UNSTABLE SPORADIC-E LAY
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(σ H / σ P )E y (where σ H and
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STUDY OF A LOW E-REGION QUASI-PERIO
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100 m/syrFigure 4: Geometry of the
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Where the notations carry same mean
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Where dx/dt and dy/dt are the veloc
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non-negativity of the image is prio
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spectrum corresponding to the backs
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The Artigas and Machu-Picchu Statio
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Arguments against the second altern
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Extension of the Kolmogorov spectru
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volumeESRvolumeSSRSSR SSRESR ESRSSR
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individual particles in a statistic
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Anomalous spectraTalkner [4] studie
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To observe the E region FAI echoes,
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matter daytime or nighttime and are
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two sub-arrays, each sub-array made
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4. SummaryHere we describe a radio
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Figure 1. E-region DPS4 spectra, ri
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effects. It is therefore plausible
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1996 and high in 2002). The electri
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electric fields map along the geoma
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SNR condition is always difficult a
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Figure-4 Power spectrum plots of a
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As we show below, Jicamarca offers
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particularly during daytime counter
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where ˆδ nm = (δ l − δ m )
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PMSE is more easily interpreted as
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ResultsTemperature climatology• s
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Simultaneous PMSE and NLC observati
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ResultsSeasonal variationMSE are no
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Figure 2: MSE parameters as functio
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Session I.3: Winds, waves and turbu
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poor. It was shown that poor perfor
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The use of diffraction pattern simi
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F 13 (ξ x ′) = (1 − cos 2ψ N)
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Figure 3: (a) Baseline length depen
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3. ResultsFigure 1 shows the amplit
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variability.Figure 4 shows the aver
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Figure 1. Period-time amplitude wav
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the 12-h and 24-h periodicities in
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winds and variances at altitudes 70
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similar correlation with larger mag
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of the refraction index are not equ
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Fig. 8. Zonal wind (top) and temper
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STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVE
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1100-1200 hours. From this plot 6.3
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STUDIES ON WINDS AND MOMENTUM FLUXE
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3.4 Monthly variation of momentum f
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DEEP PENETRATIVE CONVECTION AND GEN
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ly changes direction with time with
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189
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191
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193
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These two last relations are the on
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3.2.1 From v ′2 to ɛ kThe questi
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5.2 Frequency distributionsSeveral
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ReferencesAlisse J.-R. and C. Sidi.
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Röttger J. and C.H. Liu. Partial r
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Specular reflection is negligible f
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−0.5C n2 Distribution (PROUST & S
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the beamwidth, α is the zenith ang
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this latitude in late April). Surfa
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Fig. 1. Median (upper) winds and (l
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Fig.1. Lines of constant radial vel
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which have not yet been considered
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is calculated from the radiosonde t
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Figure 3: Time-altitude cross-secti
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Absorption of cosmic noise is cause
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Incoherent scatter spectracompared
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variations of spectral widths, refr
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Figure 1. Diurnal variation of Turb
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further experimental test of the ST
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waves can be observed more clearly
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winter and a minimum in summer near
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The main recently assumed mechanism
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Figure 2. Statistics of numbers of
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LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF MIDDLE ATMOSP
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latitudinal dependence of the seaso
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APPLICATION OF THE DUAL-BEAMWIDTH M
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Figure 2: Mean zonal and meridional
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JLKLLK/ILIL6II/G/II/G/LEODFLK/LO/DD
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The monthly diurnal mean of horizon
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Session I.4: Meteorological Phenome
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Integration of the VHF wind profile
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Figure 1 : Map of the Lago Maggiore
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precipitating clouds, the cyclonic
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Eyewall(a)(b)(c)(d)Fig. 3: Radius-h
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as low as 0.55. The Piura 50-MHz ra
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place features in the profile with
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• Period 1 (June 1-10): SCCs exis
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Sumatera occurs by stratiform cloud
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very interesting to note the double
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20(a) Convective Region(b) Transiti
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Typhoon LekimaFig. 2 Typhoon Lekima
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Fig. 5 Passage of typhoon Hayan on
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the 50 cm 2 sensor head, enabling t
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22 June 2000 23:22:23 - 23:24:20 at
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the time-height section of a convec
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Thurai, M., T.Iguchi,T. Kozu, J.D.E
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There are two main mechanisms which
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Horel, J.D. and Cornejo-Garrido, A.
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estimating two independent and redu
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RASS THETA (K) RASS v-component (m/
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Surface winds usually range from 10
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weak (maximum of 5 m s -1 ) and the
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The vertical component from the VTB
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Figure 8 shows the profile of virtu
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2 3D ( , ) ( ) ( ) ˆ ( ) ˆp∆ xm
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presented in Praskovsky et al. (200
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In Fig. 2 a sketch of a mountain le
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In Fig. 8 the lamina is aligned on
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Figure 1: composite day (13 days) o
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virtual sensible heat fluxes ( Wm-2
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3. Characteristics of precipitation
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Fig. 3: Horizontal distribution of
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3. Results and discussionUHF profil
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Figure 4. Monthly variation of slop
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system with two receiving antennae,
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cycle of precipitation. Figure 3(a)
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Histogram of Zonal Velocityh=5.13 K
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5. Summary of results and concludin
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the two nearby major cities, Chenna
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Boundary layer height, km32.521.5(a
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Figure 1:Data from the MST radar at
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spectral processing. In this partic
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3. Results and discussionIn the pre
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4. SummaryAn attempt has been made
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The purpose of this study is to exa
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Figure1. Three-day average of momen
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3. The improved method to estimate
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But in case of period until 1800 UT
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Session I.5: Operational Aspects an
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The profilers of WINDAS weredesigne
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NOAA, 1994 : Wind profiler assessme
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FIRST RESULTS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
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Figure 3. Pulse Design Diagram to s
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MOVEABLE UHF/S-BAND PROFILER/DISDRO
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one-minute Z values determined from
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TOWARD A MULTISENSOR GROUND BASED R
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3. Cloud Evolution Case StudyOn the
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DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL RECEIVER F
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Experiment 1 Experiment 2IPP 999Km
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ELECTRONIC DIGITAL BEAMFORMING IMPL
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The main element of the unit (figur
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.ON-LINE ADAPTIVE DC-GROUND-CLUTTER
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esulting in a widening of the bandw
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ON THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY OF COCO
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Table 2: Experiment #1 results, Tra
Page 391 and 392: A NEW NARROW BEAM MF RADAR AT 3 MHZ
Page 393 and 394: Off-zenith beams towards N, S, E, W
Page 395 and 396: 95ALWIN VHF radar: signal powerdB80
Page 397 and 398: ANTENNA BEAM VERIFICATION USING COS
Page 399 and 400: Figure 2: A 45 MHz reference sky te
Page 401 and 402: AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE UHF STR
Page 403 and 404: is at 4.7 km, but in the first 4-ga
Page 405 and 406: QUALITY CONTROL FOR DOPPLER WIND PR
Page 407 and 408: The resulting moments are subjected
Page 409 and 410: SOUSY RADAR AT JICAMARCA: SYSTEM DE
Page 411 and 412: NEControl andcomputer roomCompCoute
Page 413 and 414: THE EQUATORIAL ATMOSPHERE RADAR:SYS
Page 415 and 416: Table 1: Specifications of the EAR
Page 417 and 418: VHF ATMOSPHERIC AND METEOR RADAR IN
Page 419 and 420: ased upon a geotechnical engineerin
Page 421 and 422: VORTICAL MOTIONS OBSERVED WITH THE
Page 423 and 424: interpolation from the original gri
Page 425 and 426: A NEW MINIRADAR TO INVESTIGATE URBA
Page 427 and 428: e eliminated to analyze correctly t
Page 429 and 430: Session PWG 1: System Calibrations
Page 431 and 432: Session PWG 2: Data Analysis, Valid
Page 433 and 434: • the time series vectors x(k) of
Page 435 and 436: Fig. 4: reflectivity of the hydrome
Page 437 and 438: Session PWG 3: Accuracies and Requi
Page 439 and 440: Session PWG 4: International Collab
Page 441: Session II.E: NOVEL PERSPECTIVES AN
Page 445 and 446: N#4E-1-16E1A1#1#2A-1-1C1#3C-1-19Fig
Page 447 and 448: of conventional DCMP, with which th
Page 449 and 450: applying the directional constraint
Page 451 and 452: while for a beam of finite width, t
Page 453 and 454: In order to make the process more q
Page 455 and 456: WHAT IS TURBULENCE SEEN BY VHF RADA
Page 457 and 458: Enhanced resolution applyingpulse s
Page 459 and 460: Beckmann, Spizichino, 1964Fig. 8 Po
Page 461 and 462: Fig. 11 Plots of temporal variation
Page 463 and 464: Fig. 14 Distributions of phase cent
Page 465 and 466: Hocking, W.K., Radar studies of sma
Page 467 and 468: THE STRUCTURE FUNCTION-BASED APPROA
Page 469 and 470: { Ui( t), Vi( t), Wi( t)} = { Ui ,
Page 471 and 472: 161). Assumption 2H: the instantane
Page 473 and 474: Only the second order SF are consid
Page 475 and 476: fluctuations umk( t ) along the bas
Page 477 and 478: VHF PARASITIC RADAR INTERFEROMETRYF
Page 479 and 480: • All the costs of transmitter pr
Page 481 and 482: Figure 2: Example of range-azimuth
Page 483 and 484: Target Altitude, km1009080706050403
Page 485 and 486: ReferencesGriffiths, H. D., A. J. G
Page 487 and 488: Participants ListAvery, James P.Uni
Page 489 and 490: Hysell, David L.EAS/Cornell Univers
Page 491 and 492: Silva, Robert R.ATRADAustraliarsilv
Page 493 and 494:
AAdachi, A. .......................
Page 495:
TTabary, P. .......................
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