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equested more investigations on the properties of the range imaging processing, which areregarded necessary before finally reliable applications can be expected to studyatmospheric processes.Jürgen Röttger asked what is turbulence seen by VHF radar. This paper was regarded as afollow-on of the paper by W. Hocking and J. Röttger during MST-9. It recollected the veryearly, partially forgotten, work done as early as in the 1960’s on scattering and reflection ofelectro-magnetic waves from rough surfaces. Most of the present VHF radar echoes can bedescribed as resulting from this mechanism. He also introduced a new approach to analyseVHF radar data in combined spatial-domain frequency-domain measurements (SDI-FDI).This approach just analyses raw data without any assumptions for applying mathematicalmethods and allows most pictorial descriptions the microstructure of VHF radar echoes.There exist limits, though, on the three-dimensional spatial resolution, which are intrinsic tothe used instruments and applied methods. This newly presented technique anyhow seemsto be a means for improved understanding of the echoing irregularities and discriminatingbetween the two (unnatural) extremes, scattering from pure turbulence and specular-typereflection from stratified refractivity gradients. This means that all observational evidencepoints to phenomena, which are existing between these extreme limits.Wayne Hocking, co-authored by S. Franke, N. Mitchell, D. Pancheva, P. Batista, B.Clemesha, B. Fuller, B. Vandepeer, T. Nakamura, T. Tsuda and J. MacDougall, reportedabout a recent global analysis of the mesospheric wind field observed by radars during theSpace Shuttle Columbia accident. He showed that an unusually strong 2-day wave existedwhich, together with a strong diurnal tide in the mesosphere, created a strong wind shear at60 to 65 km altitude. Whether such observations can be of use for applications andforecasting middle atmospheric winds was discussed.A new approach to analyse spaced antenna data was presented by Alexander Praskovsky,co-authored by Eleanor Praskovskaya. Instead using correlation function or spectrumanalysis they implemented the structure function alternatively. They claimed the advantageof this method, which can track the diffraction pattern and higher order moments ofturbulence parameters by evaluating the rate of pattern changes with a higher temporalresolution than the traditional techniques. They also argue that there would be an advantageto use overlapping receiving antennas, which gains signal-to-noise ratio and thus accuracy.Characteristics of the scattering medium can be obtained with other assumptions than theearly standard techniques. It is assumed that this new structure-function based techniquecan properly complement the commonly used ones.Basing on the earlier work using existing commercial FM-radio transmitters to do passiveradar observations of ionospheric irregularities, John Sahr presented a paper with ideas howto implement this technique for neutral atmosphere studies, which could be a superbalternative to high-power MST radars. Such a system would include a network ofdistributed receivers separated by some hundred kilometer. Since the cross section ofscatterers in the neutral atmosphere is much smaller than of those in the ionosphere, largerreceiving antennas have to be used, and higher synchronization accuracy is needed becausethe scattering is more coherent than that from the ionosphere. There is a requirement toseparate ground clutter from the desired forward scatter. The receiving systems,32
synchronized by GPS and connected via internet, are inexpensive and can be operatedunattended. This visionary system will have that obvious advantage of not needing atransmitter, but John Sahr questioned whether such passive radar systems can offer thesame resolution and sensitivity as conventional MST radars. It is regarded most valuableanyhow to follow up this new possibility basing on the experience of running ionosphericpassive radars and active MST radars.These presentations, the corresponding lively discussions and additional issues, which wereraised during the workshop, were the basis for the formulation of the following resolutions.33
Page 1 and 2: MST10Tenth InternationalWORKSHOPOn
Page 3 and 4: MST 10 Group PictureMay 15 th , 200
Page 5 and 6: TENTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TEC
Page 7 and 8: Table of ContentsPREFACE ..........
Page 9 and 10: I.2.18 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF PMSE
Page 11 and 12: I.3.27 NEW MST RADAR METHODS FOR ME
Page 13 and 14: I.4.19 STUDY OF A MESOSCALE LAND-TO
Page 15 and 16: I.5.502 AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE
Page 17 and 18: PrefaceMST10The Tenth International
Page 19 and 20: and the local organizing committee,
Page 21 and 22: The operational aspects and recent
Page 23 and 24: To improve the understanding of dyn
Page 25 and 26: Improving MST radar resolution by u
Page 27 and 28: latitudes, arguing that the former
Page 29 and 30: Report on Session I.3 “Winds, Wav
Page 31 and 32: Turbulence.The session then moved i
Page 33 and 34: Report on Session I.4 “Meteorolog
Page 35 and 36: Multiple Antenna Profiling Radar (M
Page 37: Report on Session II “Novel Persp
Page 41 and 42: The highly positive response of the
Page 43 and 44: 10th International Workshop on Tech
Page 45 and 46: 10th International Workshop on Tech
Page 47 and 48: Session I.1: Radar scattering proce
Page 49 and 50: ⎡7800 ∂q⎤(3)⎢ 15500q⎥M =
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2 compares profiles of ω B
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1: Data from the MST radar a
Page 55 and 56: Ri =shear2ωB22⎛ ∂u⎞ ⎛ ∂v
Page 57 and 58: Meridional (deg)1050−5−10Echo P
Page 59 and 60: Subarray Configuration, Capon Metho
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 2 PMSE plot (SOUSY Svalbard Ra
Page 63 and 64: VHF radar interferometry had shown
Page 65 and 66: turbulence. From Figures 1 and 2, i
Page 67 and 68: SummaryFrom the aspect sensitivity
Page 69 and 70: a specific range. In this work, syn
Page 71 and 72: P C(dB)(a) Echo Power60504030200.70
Page 73 and 74: most occidental area of South Ameri
Page 75 and 76: Quegan, 1992). It should be useful
Page 77 and 78: measurements, is shown in figure 1(
Page 79: The present observations thus empha
Page 82 and 83: RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF E REGION FIE
Page 84 and 85: measured spectra in order to separa
Page 86 and 87: drifts at E and F regions heights b
Page 88 and 89:
• Are characterized by type II ec
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The main parameters that could be o
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THE ROLE OF UNSTABLE SPORADIC-E LAY
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(σ H / σ P )E y (where σ H and
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STUDY OF A LOW E-REGION QUASI-PERIO
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100 m/syrFigure 4: Geometry of the
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Where the notations carry same mean
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Where dx/dt and dy/dt are the veloc
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non-negativity of the image is prio
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spectrum corresponding to the backs
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The Artigas and Machu-Picchu Statio
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Arguments against the second altern
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Extension of the Kolmogorov spectru
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volumeESRvolumeSSRSSR SSRESR ESRSSR
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individual particles in a statistic
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Anomalous spectraTalkner [4] studie
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To observe the E region FAI echoes,
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matter daytime or nighttime and are
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two sub-arrays, each sub-array made
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4. SummaryHere we describe a radio
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Figure 1. E-region DPS4 spectra, ri
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effects. It is therefore plausible
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1996 and high in 2002). The electri
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electric fields map along the geoma
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SNR condition is always difficult a
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Figure-4 Power spectrum plots of a
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As we show below, Jicamarca offers
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particularly during daytime counter
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where ˆδ nm = (δ l − δ m )
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PMSE is more easily interpreted as
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ResultsTemperature climatology• s
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Simultaneous PMSE and NLC observati
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ResultsSeasonal variationMSE are no
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Figure 2: MSE parameters as functio
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Session I.3: Winds, waves and turbu
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poor. It was shown that poor perfor
Page 161 and 162:
The use of diffraction pattern simi
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F 13 (ξ x ′) = (1 − cos 2ψ N)
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Figure 3: (a) Baseline length depen
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3. ResultsFigure 1 shows the amplit
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variability.Figure 4 shows the aver
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Figure 1. Period-time amplitude wav
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the 12-h and 24-h periodicities in
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winds and variances at altitudes 70
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similar correlation with larger mag
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of the refraction index are not equ
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Fig. 8. Zonal wind (top) and temper
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STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVE
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1100-1200 hours. From this plot 6.3
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STUDIES ON WINDS AND MOMENTUM FLUXE
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3.4 Monthly variation of momentum f
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DEEP PENETRATIVE CONVECTION AND GEN
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ly changes direction with time with
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189
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191
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193
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These two last relations are the on
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3.2.1 From v ′2 to ɛ kThe questi
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5.2 Frequency distributionsSeveral
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ReferencesAlisse J.-R. and C. Sidi.
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Röttger J. and C.H. Liu. Partial r
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Specular reflection is negligible f
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−0.5C n2 Distribution (PROUST & S
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the beamwidth, α is the zenith ang
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this latitude in late April). Surfa
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Fig. 1. Median (upper) winds and (l
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Fig.1. Lines of constant radial vel
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which have not yet been considered
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is calculated from the radiosonde t
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Figure 3: Time-altitude cross-secti
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Absorption of cosmic noise is cause
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Incoherent scatter spectracompared
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variations of spectral widths, refr
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Figure 1. Diurnal variation of Turb
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further experimental test of the ST
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waves can be observed more clearly
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winter and a minimum in summer near
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The main recently assumed mechanism
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Figure 2. Statistics of numbers of
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LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF MIDDLE ATMOSP
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latitudinal dependence of the seaso
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APPLICATION OF THE DUAL-BEAMWIDTH M
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Figure 2: Mean zonal and meridional
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JLKLLK/ILIL6II/G/II/G/LEODFLK/LO/DD
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The monthly diurnal mean of horizon
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Session I.4: Meteorological Phenome
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Integration of the VHF wind profile
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Figure 1 : Map of the Lago Maggiore
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precipitating clouds, the cyclonic
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Eyewall(a)(b)(c)(d)Fig. 3: Radius-h
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as low as 0.55. The Piura 50-MHz ra
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place features in the profile with
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• Period 1 (June 1-10): SCCs exis
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Sumatera occurs by stratiform cloud
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very interesting to note the double
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20(a) Convective Region(b) Transiti
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Typhoon LekimaFig. 2 Typhoon Lekima
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Fig. 5 Passage of typhoon Hayan on
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the 50 cm 2 sensor head, enabling t
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22 June 2000 23:22:23 - 23:24:20 at
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the time-height section of a convec
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Thurai, M., T.Iguchi,T. Kozu, J.D.E
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There are two main mechanisms which
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Horel, J.D. and Cornejo-Garrido, A.
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estimating two independent and redu
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RASS THETA (K) RASS v-component (m/
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Surface winds usually range from 10
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weak (maximum of 5 m s -1 ) and the
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The vertical component from the VTB
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Figure 8 shows the profile of virtu
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2 3D ( , ) ( ) ( ) ˆ ( ) ˆp∆ xm
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presented in Praskovsky et al. (200
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In Fig. 2 a sketch of a mountain le
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In Fig. 8 the lamina is aligned on
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Figure 1: composite day (13 days) o
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virtual sensible heat fluxes ( Wm-2
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3. Characteristics of precipitation
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Fig. 3: Horizontal distribution of
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3. Results and discussionUHF profil
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Figure 4. Monthly variation of slop
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system with two receiving antennae,
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cycle of precipitation. Figure 3(a)
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Histogram of Zonal Velocityh=5.13 K
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5. Summary of results and concludin
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the two nearby major cities, Chenna
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Boundary layer height, km32.521.5(a
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Figure 1:Data from the MST radar at
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spectral processing. In this partic
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3. Results and discussionIn the pre
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4. SummaryAn attempt has been made
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The purpose of this study is to exa
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Figure1. Three-day average of momen
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3. The improved method to estimate
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But in case of period until 1800 UT
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Session I.5: Operational Aspects an
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The profilers of WINDAS weredesigne
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NOAA, 1994 : Wind profiler assessme
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FIRST RESULTS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER
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Figure 3. Pulse Design Diagram to s
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MOVEABLE UHF/S-BAND PROFILER/DISDRO
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one-minute Z values determined from
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TOWARD A MULTISENSOR GROUND BASED R
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3. Cloud Evolution Case StudyOn the
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DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL RECEIVER F
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Experiment 1 Experiment 2IPP 999Km
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ELECTRONIC DIGITAL BEAMFORMING IMPL
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The main element of the unit (figur
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.ON-LINE ADAPTIVE DC-GROUND-CLUTTER
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esulting in a widening of the bandw
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ON THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY OF COCO
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Table 2: Experiment #1 results, Tra
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A NEW NARROW BEAM MF RADAR AT 3 MHZ
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Off-zenith beams towards N, S, E, W
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95ALWIN VHF radar: signal powerdB80
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ANTENNA BEAM VERIFICATION USING COS
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Figure 2: A 45 MHz reference sky te
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AN ATTEMPT TO CALIBRATE THE UHF STR
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is at 4.7 km, but in the first 4-ga
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QUALITY CONTROL FOR DOPPLER WIND PR
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The resulting moments are subjected
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SOUSY RADAR AT JICAMARCA: SYSTEM DE
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NEControl andcomputer roomCompCoute
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THE EQUATORIAL ATMOSPHERE RADAR:SYS
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Table 1: Specifications of the EAR
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VHF ATMOSPHERIC AND METEOR RADAR IN
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ased upon a geotechnical engineerin
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VORTICAL MOTIONS OBSERVED WITH THE
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interpolation from the original gri
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A NEW MINIRADAR TO INVESTIGATE URBA
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e eliminated to analyze correctly t
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Session PWG 1: System Calibrations
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Session PWG 2: Data Analysis, Valid
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• the time series vectors x(k) of
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Fig. 4: reflectivity of the hydrome
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Session PWG 3: Accuracies and Requi
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Session PWG 4: International Collab
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Session II.E: NOVEL PERSPECTIVES AN
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2 Proposed AlgorithmReceived signal
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N#4E-1-16E1A1#1#2A-1-1C1#3C-1-19Fig
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of conventional DCMP, with which th
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applying the directional constraint
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while for a beam of finite width, t
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In order to make the process more q
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WHAT IS TURBULENCE SEEN BY VHF RADA
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Enhanced resolution applyingpulse s
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Beckmann, Spizichino, 1964Fig. 8 Po
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Fig. 11 Plots of temporal variation
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Fig. 14 Distributions of phase cent
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Hocking, W.K., Radar studies of sma
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THE STRUCTURE FUNCTION-BASED APPROA
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{ Ui( t), Vi( t), Wi( t)} = { Ui ,
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161). Assumption 2H: the instantane
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Only the second order SF are consid
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fluctuations umk( t ) along the bas
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VHF PARASITIC RADAR INTERFEROMETRYF
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• All the costs of transmitter pr
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Figure 2: Example of range-azimuth
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Target Altitude, km1009080706050403
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ReferencesGriffiths, H. D., A. J. G
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Participants ListAvery, James P.Uni
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Hysell, David L.EAS/Cornell Univers
Page 491 and 492:
Silva, Robert R.ATRADAustraliarsilv
Page 493 and 494:
AAdachi, A. .......................
Page 495:
TTabary, P. .......................
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