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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC IMAGING OF FLOW AND TRANSPORTFigure 38. The temperature, self-potential, and CO 2 flux measured along Volcano Island (Italy). Bottom panel showa cross section of the electrical resistivity through the volcano (Revil et al. 2007a). Blue areas are conductive,indicating the presence of fluids. Courtesy of A. Revil, CNRS-CEREGE.SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGESIt is currently possible to measure flow directly at the surface or in the shallow subsurface (e.g.,Naudet et al. 2004). Our ability to measure flow directly at depth is currently extremely limited.Similarly, measuring reaction rates in situ is of particular importance because the reaction ratesdepend on the microstructure of moving and mixing reactants, as well as on the chemicalproperties. In a porous medium, surface processes play a particular role in this respect. Thecommunity needs to develop the diagnostic tools to measure flow, transport, and reaction in situ.124 Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC IMAGING OF FLOW AND TRANSPORTTo overcome current limitations, two major future scientific challenges must be met. One is toimprove the far-field visibility of reservoir attributes that drive flow and transport systems fromthe pore scale to the basin scale, and a second challenge is to develop the ability to describe flow,transport, and chemical reactions from observations of subsurface materials and fluids from alimited number of wells.Meeting these challenges requires the development of a more thorough understanding of thenatural variability of geologic media, as well as the refinement of existing geophysical methodsand the development of new technology and methods of data analysis. The goal is to obtaindetailed information concerning the chemical reactions that occurred in the medium or arepresently occurring. The properties and geologic structure that control flow and transportphenomena need to be observed on a variety of scales, and scales appropriate to a particularproblem need to be identified. Ideally, flow, fluid mixing based on tracer tests, and activechemical reactions need to be sensed and visualized directly.In summary, the following research needs appear most critical:• Understanding the hierarchy of linear and nonlinear principles that govern the propagation ofphysical fields through geologic media• Advanced technologies for measuring physical, chemical and biological attributes that affectpropagation of physical fields from the core scale to the molecular level• Methods to quantify flow and reaction regimes from physical and chemical observations offluid and solid phases• Advanced measurement techniques based on improved theoretical, mathematical, andcomputational models for wave propagationSpatially and temporally continuous measurement of state variablesIt is currently possible to measure pressure and temperature adjacent to screened or openintervals within a well or at points in space (Figure 39). Recently, it has also become possible tomeasure temperature on the surface or shallow subsurface along continuous transects using fiberoptics. The latter technique has provided a leap forward in measuring spatially complexphenomenon because it greatly reduces the need to integrate or interpolate point data on criticalstate variables, thereby providing vastly enhanced ability to detect critical phenomena and toconstrain models. An important scientific challenge is to measure pressure, temperature, andpossibly other variables, such as fluid electrical conductivity and phase saturation, continuouslyalong transects emplaced via vertical or horizontal drilling in the subsurface.Smart tracersThe level of instrumentation of hydrocarbon reservoirs is steadily increasing, and the phrase,instrumented oilfield, is used regularly (Tura 2005). With current developments in micro- andnanotechnology, and the advent of smart dust (e.g., Kahn et al. 2000) new opportunities exist formassive instrumentation of the subsurface. New tracers could be miniature measurement anddata-relay devices, a combination of passive and active chemical tracers (Oates 2007), chemicaltracers that respond to physical fields (such as organo-metallic tracers), or a combination ofthese. All of these are considered tracers as smart tracers.Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems 125
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TABLE OF CONTENTSBasic Science Chal
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnology Impacts
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYpurpose of linking
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWorldwide e
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INTRODUCTIONway into the rock forma
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PANEL REPORTSMULTIPHASE FLUID TRANS
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PANEL REPORT: MULTIPHASE FLUID TRAN
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PANEL REPORT: CHEMICAL MIGRATION PR
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PANEL REPORT: SUBSURFACE CHARACTERI
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PANEL REPORT: MODELING AND SIMULATI
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66 Basic Research Needs for Geoscie
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GRAND CHALLENGE: COMPUTATIONAL THER
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Page 94 and 95: GRAND CHALLENGE:INTEGRATED CHARACTE
Page 110 and 111: GRAND CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF MULT
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Page 122 and 123: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
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Page 170 and 171: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
Page 172 and 173: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
Page 174 and 175: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE
Page 180 and 181: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
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Page 184 and 185: REFERENCESBenner, S.G., Hansel, C.M
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REFERENCESEnnis-King, J., Preston,
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REFERENCESHolman, H.-Y., Perry, D.L
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REFERENCESLi, L., and Tchelepi, H.A
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REFERENCESNeal, A.L., Techkarnjanar
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REFERENCESReeves, P.C., and Celia,
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REFERENCESSteefel, C.I., DePaolo, D
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REFERENCESZachara, J.M., Ainsworth,
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AppendicesBasic Research Needs for
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APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES
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APPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMThursda
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Basic Research Needs for Geoscience
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APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
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