Basic Research Needs for Geosciences - Energetics Meetings and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE SUBSURFACE MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTSas well as phase separation and critical phenomena. In addition, isotope effects in the C-O-H-N-Ssystem will be a useful probe for investigating intermolecular forces, as well as the motion ofmolecules in condensed phases. Accordingly, experimental, theoretical, and simulation studieson the isotope effects (liquid/solid-vapor fractionation, pressure effects) are needed to understandthe fundamental behavior of fluid species in the C-O-H-N-S system and to better use isotopes astracers of subsurface fluid processes.Studies are required that measure and assess rates of dissolution-precipitation in time-serieswhere the controlling parameters (T, P and fluid composition) are varied in such a way as topromote reaction—i.e., at conditions both close to and far from equilibrium. In particular, novelapproaches such as H + relaxation can be used to quantify near-equilibrium rates for key pHdependent dissolution-precipitation reactions (Bénézeth et al. 2007). Novel chemical imaging(e.g., Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, SIMS) and characterization tools (e.g., ICP-MS) areavailable to assess not only the chemical and isotopic signals resulting from mineraltransformations, but also chemical and isotopic communication (e.g., 18 O, D, 13 C, 41 K, 26 Mg)between fluid species and mineral surfaces from the nano to pore scales. Neutron and X-rayscattering methods are particularly well suited for interrogating the structural features of startingminerals, reaction products, the reaction zone, and the reaction interface as complements to thechemical interrogation of mineral-fluid systems. These analytical techniques will providecrucially important information on the structural and dynamic properties of the fluids confinedwithin micropores. In particular, the penetrating capability of neutrons, and their high sensitivityto hydrogen isotopes, will be useful in tracking the mobility of water and other H-bearing speciesduring reactions. Quantifying structural and chemical patterns at the reactive interface can alsoutilize advanced microscopy techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and HighResolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). Most importantly, studies of specificmineral suites from natural systems (e.g., sedimentary basins and geothermal resource areas) thatexhibit micro- to macroscale reaction features analogous to those produced at the bench scalewill complement and verify results from laboratory-based investigations.SCIENTIFIC IMPACTSA comprehensive and technically rigorous understanding of the volumetric properties andenergetics of C-O-H-N-S fluids is needed to correctly interpret fluid-solid interactions relevant tokey sequestration scenarios. Previous PVT and activity-composition studies of mixed-volatilefluids containing H 2 O-CO 2 -CH 4 -N 2 -H 2 coupled (Anovitz et al. 1998; Blencoe et al. 1996, 1999,2001, Seitz and Blencoe, 1999; Seitz et al. 1996) with Equations of State (EOS) modeling(Blencoe 2004) has demonstrated that departure from ideal mixing can be profound, particularlyat near-critical conditions. While theoretically robust EOS have been developed to representexperimental results, a molecular-level understanding of complex fluid behavior is lacking,which in turn severely limits the predictive capability needed to model fluid behavior insubsurface geochemical environments. Additionally, it is becoming increasingly clear thatorganic molecules in aqueous and mixed-volatile fluids—ranging from simple hydrocarbons andcarboxylic acids to branched and cyclic compounds, to proteins and humic substances—may alsoplay a major role in controlling deviations for ideality.Despite the utility of the equilibrium approach in quantifying the elemental and isotopic behaviorin mineral-fluid systems, there is mounting evidence that chemical (and isotopic) heterogeneity162 Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems
CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE SUBSURFACE MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTSand disequilibrium are common features of the rock record. Highly spatially-resolved imagingtechniques have documented chemical, mineralogical and isotopic disequilibrium featurespreserved over varying length scales (Å to mm) in both experimental and natural materials whichrepresent different snap-shots in time (e.g., Cole and Chakraborty 2001; Labotka et al. 2004).The discrepancy between reaction rates (both chemical and isotopic) predicted for naturalsystems and those determined in the laboratory is a major limitation in our ability to unravel thetime-dependent evolution of mineral-fluid interactions. The factors contributing to thisdiscrepancy are manifold and complex, and include mineral structure and composition, solidspreparation, nature of reactive surface area, the chemical affinity or saturation state of thesolution, fluid to solid ratio, and the temperature and pressure history (cf. White and Brantley1995; Brantley 2004; Lüttge 2004; Maher et al. 2006). Successful bridging of this gap betweenlaboratory and field rates will have a profound impact of our ability to assess the spatial andtemporal evolution of mineral dissolution-precipitation and associated permeability changes.Additionally, a fundamental understanding of mechanisms and rate behavior of mineral-fluidinteractions provided a means to address the feedbacks on mineral trapping due togeomechanical stresses distributed throughout the system.• Development of steady-state kinetic rate laws for mineral-solution reactions under the fullrange of saturation conditions• Quantification of rates and identification of mechanisms that control transient reactionkinetics• Determination of thermodynamic properties of complex solutions and solids, including theeffects of nanoscale confinement and trace componentsTECHNOLOGY IMPACTSResearch on highly reactive environments could lead to improved carbon sequestrationefficiency through better understanding of dissolution and mineral trapping in CO 2 storagereservoirs, and by developing methods for accelerated trapping. The results would also becritical for predicting the long-term effects of CO 2 on seal integrity, and for improvedgeochemical modeling and risk assessment. Improved understanding of highly reactiveenvironments also pertains to predicting the longevity of engineered barriers and materials,describing the evolution of fluids in geologic repositories, and evaluating the safety and risk overthe extremely long time scales needed for effective nuclear waste isolation. Fundamental resultsobtained on complex fluids will also contribute directly to our understanding of such diverseprocesses as mineral and gas solubilities, fluid hydrodynamics, hydrocarbon generation andpersistence, and the metabolism of subsurface microbial communities.Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems 163
Page 6 and 7:
TABLE OF CONTENTSBasic Science Chal
Page 9 and 10:
TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnology Impacts
Page 13 and 14:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYpurpose of linking
Page 15 and 16:
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWorldwide e
Page 17 and 18:
INTRODUCTIONway into the rock forma
Page 19 and 20:
PANEL REPORTSMULTIPHASE FLUID TRANS
Page 21:
PANEL REPORT: MULTIPHASE FLUID TRAN
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
PANEL REPORT: CHEMICAL MIGRATION PR
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
PANEL REPORT: SUBSURFACE CHARACTERI
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
PANEL REPORT: MODELING AND SIMULATI
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
66 Basic Research Needs for Geoscie
Page 82 and 83:
GRAND CHALLENGE: COMPUTATIONAL THER
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
GRAND CHALLENGE:INTEGRATED CHARACTE
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
GRAND CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF MULT
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
106 Basic Research Needs for Geosci
Page 122 and 123:
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
Page 124 and 125:
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
Page 126 and 127: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
Page 128 and 129: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:NANOPAR
Page 136 and 137: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC
Page 146 and 147: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION: TRANSP
Page 154 and 155: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:FLUID-I
Page 160 and 161: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:BIOGEOC
Page 168 and 169: 154 Basic Research Needs for Geosci
Page 170 and 171: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
Page 172 and 173: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
Page 174 and 175: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE
Page 178 and 179: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE
Page 180 and 181: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
Page 182 and 183: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
Page 184 and 185: REFERENCESBenner, S.G., Hansel, C.M
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESChen, J., Hubbard, S., Pe
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCESEnnis-King, J., Preston,
Page 190 and 191: REFERENCESHolman, H.-Y., Perry, D.L
Page 192 and 193: REFERENCESLi, L., and Tchelepi, H.A
Page 194 and 195: REFERENCESNeal, A.L., Techkarnjanar
Page 196 and 197: REFERENCESReeves, P.C., and Celia,
Page 198 and 199: REFERENCESSteefel, C.I., DePaolo, D
Page 200 and 201: REFERENCESZachara, J.M., Ainsworth,
Page 202 and 203: AppendicesBasic Research Needs for
Page 204 and 205: APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES
Page 226 and 227:
APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
APPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMThursda
Page 260 and 261:
Basic Research Needs for Geoscience
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286:
APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
show all

Basic Research Needs for Geosciences - Energetics Meetings and ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?