Basic Research Needs for Geosciences - Energetics Meetings and ...

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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION: TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AND IN SITU CHARACTERIZATIONOF FLUID TRAPPING, ISOLATION, AND IMMOBILIZATIONFigure 41. Pressure buildup in a fluid bubble and in surrounding brine changes the stress state of faults and fractureswhich may compromise mechanical stability of the cap rock and its isolating properties.Figure 42. Oil production from a field in California vs time showing the improved productivity that resulted from asequence of earthquakes that occurred at a distance of 400 km (after Roberts et al. 2003).We need a major improvement in our understanding of fluid trapping mechanisms and our abilityto detect the dominant mechanisms that are operating both spatially and temporally within areservoir to advance our basic understanding of several naturally observed phenomena and toallow the required validation necessary for confirming the successful human-inducedsequestration of waste.SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGESSpatial and temporal variations of flow and transport properties can be caused by multiscaleinteraction of injected fluids and ambient pore fluids, the geochemical, textural and structuralcharacteristics of the rocks, or the heterogeneous distribution of porosity and permeability.Natural spatial and temporal variations in flow and transport properties within the earth play adominant role in fluid migration resulting in the creation of petroleum reservoirs, ore deposits,and geothermal systems. Understanding the mechanisms, and being able to remotely detectwhich mechanisms are operating as a function of location and time within a reservoir, is essential132 Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION: TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AND IN SITU CHARACTERIZATIONOF FLUID TRAPPING, ISOLATION, AND IMMOBILIZATIONto our ability to successfully engineer a manmade repository for energy waste. We currently havelimited understanding of how trapping mechanisms operate under in situ conditions. Our abilityto detect and characterize the dominant mechanisms within a given reservoir at depth is similarlylimited.Interfacial and surface properties of fluids in fine-grained and fractured mediaInterfacial tension between fluid phases and surface tension between fluid and solid are thefundamental forces that control the flow of multiphase fluids through porous media. As pore sizedecreases, the radius of curvature of fluid interfaces decreases, causing interfacial forces to riseto levels that are a significant fraction (ranging from > 10% to several times) of the gravitationalforces that drive fluid flow. When the surface forces are greater than the gravitational forces,fluids can be trapped in porous media.Interfacial and surface tension of multicomponent fluids is rarely measured, and is one of thepoorly predicted physical parameters in currently available simulators of thermochemical andphysical properties of fluid mixtures and fluid-rock properties. In addition, interfacial processesare dramatically impacted by abiotic and biologically mediated chemical reactions. Also, thekinetics of many mineral-fluid and fluid-fluid reactions are slow, making examination of theirimpacts on interfacial properties exceedingly difficult.Conductivity of faults and fracturesIt is critically important to be able to predict whether faults or other local crosscuttingheterogeneities (e.g., clastic dikes, etc.) conduct or retain fluids as a function of fluid pressure,phase state, and chemical composition. Furthermore we need to be able to predict the impacts ofanthropogenic perturbations on the conductivity of these structures to buoyant fluids (see Figure43). Presently available wellbore-based characterization tools are either poorly suited orcompletely inadequate for characterizing these effects. Fault gouge properties and complex 3Dfracture networks in natural systems are very difficult, or even impossible, to reproduce in alaboratory setting, making field measurements a critical but expensive and time-consumingaspect of this research. Finally, the typically slow rate of fluid migration in these structuresmakes conducting measurements in a timely manner challenging, even under favorableconditions.In situ measurement of fluid-rock interactions in fine-grained mediaLow-permeability media (barriers to flow) are elements that define the pathways of fluidmigration at the basin scale in many subsurface settings. Fine-grained rocks, low permeabilitysalt or anhydrite, and faults with gouge are examples of barriers. These featurescompartmentalize pressure, trap buoyant fluids, and isolate compositionally different fluids. Theperformance of these barriers in the presence of multicomponent fluids is complex, because theactive sealing mechanism varies with fluid composition and pressure, and geochemical and stresschanges can alter the properties of the seal.Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems 133
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TABLE OF CONTENTSBasic Science Chal
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnology Impacts
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYpurpose of linking
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWorldwide e
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INTRODUCTIONway into the rock forma
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PANEL REPORTSMULTIPHASE FLUID TRANS
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PANEL REPORT: MULTIPHASE FLUID TRAN
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PANEL REPORT: CHEMICAL MIGRATION PR
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PANEL REPORT: SUBSURFACE CHARACTERI
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PANEL REPORT: MODELING AND SIMULATI
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66 Basic Research Needs for Geoscie
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GRAND CHALLENGE: COMPUTATIONAL THER
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GRAND CHALLENGE:INTEGRATED CHARACTE
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Page 122 and 123: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
Page 128 and 129: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:NANOPAR
Page 136 and 137: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC
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Page 170 and 171: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
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Page 174 and 175: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE
Page 180 and 181: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
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Page 184 and 185: REFERENCESBenner, S.G., Hansel, C.M
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESChen, J., Hubbard, S., Pe
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCESEnnis-King, J., Preston,
Page 190 and 191: REFERENCESHolman, H.-Y., Perry, D.L
Page 192 and 193: REFERENCESLi, L., and Tchelepi, H.A
Page 194 and 195: REFERENCESNeal, A.L., Techkarnjanar
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REFERENCESReeves, P.C., and Celia,
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REFERENCESSteefel, C.I., DePaolo, D
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REFERENCESZachara, J.M., Ainsworth,
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AppendicesBasic Research Needs for
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APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES
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APPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMThursda
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Basic Research Needs for Geoscience
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APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
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