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APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES RESOURCE DOCUMENTenvironment. A repository design includes, at a minimum, the waste package and the waste form.A variety of engineered barrier systems have been proposed (e.g., NEA 2003) to enhance longtermisolation of spent fuel and other high-level radioactive waste within geologic repositories(Table 8). Figure 9 depicts waste packages within an emplacement drift for the proposed YuccaMountain repository design concept as an illustrative example. The engineered barriers wouldcontribute to waste isolation by (1) using long-lived engineered components to keep water awayfrom the waste forms, and (2) limiting release of radionuclides from the engineered barriersthrough components engineered for optimum performance in the expected geochemicalenvironment. This requires a clear understanding of the chemical composition and behavior ofthe radioactive waste, the physical and chemical processes that would act on the repositorysystem's barriers, and how the parts of the system would work together to isolate waste. Table 9provides a summary of possible radionuclide inventories that might be represented within typicalpressurized-water reactor and boiling-water reactor fuel assemblies. Figure 10 presents asummary of the interdependent processes that may affect the repository's ability to isolate waste,again using the proposed Yucca Mountain repository as an illustrative example.Appendix 1 • 28Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems
APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES RESOURCE DOCUMENTTable 8. Proposed engineered barrier systems for different international programsCountry Waste type Waste Container / Buffer / Othermatrix overpack Backfill componentsBelgium HLW BorosilicateglassDisposal tube,tunnel lining304 SScontainer,316L SSoverpackSpent fuel UO 2 Supercontainerwith carbonsteeloverpackage,concretematrix, andouter SScylinderCanada Spent fuel UO 2 C steel innercontainer withCu outer shellClay,bentonite,quartz sand,graphitemixtureBentonite/sandbuffer, clay orcrushed rockbackfillBentoniteCzech HLW Glass SteelRepublic Spent fuel UO 2bufferFinland Spent fuel UO 2 Cu-iron Bentonitebuffer,compactedcrushed rockand bentonitebackfillFranceHLWSpent fuelBorosilicateglassUO 2 andMOXSS container,steel overpackSS with metalinsertOptionalbentonitebufferBentonitebuffer withmetal disposaltubeConcrete galleryliningTunnel with shaftsealsClay sealsBentonite andconcrete plugsBentonite sealsJapan HLW Glass C steeloverpackBentonitesandmixtureTunnel sealingplugs and groutKorea Spent fuel UO 2 C steel inside,Cu or SS outercontainerBentonite orbentonite-sandmixtureSpain Spent fuel UO 2 C steel Bentonite Concrete andbentonite sealsSweden Spent fuel UO 2 Cu-iron Bentonite Tunnel backfillSwitzerland HLW Glass Steel BentoniteUSA HLW BorosilicateglassInner SScanister, outerNo backfillTi alloy dripshield, granularBasic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems Appendix 1 • 29
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TABLE OF CONTENTSBasic Science Chal
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnology Impacts
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYpurpose of linking
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWorldwide e
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INTRODUCTIONway into the rock forma
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PANEL REPORTSMULTIPHASE FLUID TRANS
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PANEL REPORT: MULTIPHASE FLUID TRAN
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GRAND CHALLENGE:INTEGRATED CHARACTE
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GRAND CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF MULT
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:NANOPAR
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION: TRANSP
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PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:FLUID-I
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CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
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CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
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CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE
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Page 184 and 185: REFERENCESBenner, S.G., Hansel, C.M
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESChen, J., Hubbard, S., Pe
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCESEnnis-King, J., Preston,
Page 190 and 191: REFERENCESHolman, H.-Y., Perry, D.L
Page 192 and 193: REFERENCESLi, L., and Tchelepi, H.A
Page 194 and 195: REFERENCESNeal, A.L., Techkarnjanar
Page 196 and 197: REFERENCESReeves, P.C., and Celia,
Page 198 and 199: REFERENCESSteefel, C.I., DePaolo, D
Page 200 and 201: REFERENCESZachara, J.M., Ainsworth,
Page 202 and 203: AppendicesBasic Research Needs for
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APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
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