Basic Research Needs for Geosciences - Energetics Meetings and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES RESOURCE DOCUMENTTable 3: CO 2 properties at likely injection conditionsCO 2 property Likely minimum T(35°C) and P (8 MPa)Likely maximum T(80°C) and P (40 MPa)Density: kg/m 3 419 823Viscosity: mPa/s 0.030 0.076Solubility: weight % in fresh water(wt.% in 50,000 ppm TDS water)5.2% (4.1%) 5.8% (4.7%)Data from NIST chemistry webbook (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/) and Spycher andPruess (2005).Over time, injected CO 2 remains within the target reservoir and will dissolve and react with thelocal rock volume (see below). If CO 2 leaks from the reservoir, it will migrate towards thesurface and will change phase from supercritical fluid to gas at approximately 800 m depth. Thegas phase will expand and cool. At very high rates of ascent, Joule-Thomson cooling of CO 2could be sufficient to solidify the CO 2 and either plug or divert flow temporarily (Pruess 2006).Though this is unlikely under most geological conditions of interest, it may be important in thewell bore or near-well environment.Substantial process uncertainties remain in how CO 2 interacts with other pore fluids. Forexample, uncertainties persist in how CO 2 interacts and mixes with gas, water, and oil in thesame pore. Changes in solubility, equations of state, dynamic composition, fluid properties, andinterfacial tension make it difficult to predict sweep, dissolution rate, and mixing fronttrajectories (e.g., Stalkup 1987; Jessen et al. 1998; Yang et al. 2005). Initial modeling work hasexplored how the introduction of CO 2 might affect existing subsurface microbial communities(e.g., Onstott et al. 2005). Enhanced microbial activity could lead to the development of biofilms,which could reduce pore and fracture permeability. These uncertainties ultimately affectquestions of CO 2 fate, and the rates and importance of other pore-scale processes (e.g., dryingand salting of intra-pore brines). Focus on some of these questions would lead to improvedsimulations and predictive capabilities.Trapping mechanismsA number of geological reservoirs appear to have the potential to store many 100’s–1000’s of Gtof CO 2 (Benson and Cook 2005). The most promising reservoirs are porous and permeable rockbodies at depth (Figure 2).Saline formations contain brine in their pore volumes, commonly with salinities greater than10,000 ppm.Depleted oil and gas fields have some combination of water and hydrocarbons in their porevolumes. In some cases, economic gains can be achieved through enhanced oil recovery orenhanced gas recovery (Stevens 1999; Oldenburg et al. 2004; Jarrell et al. 2002). SubstantialCO 2 -enhanced oil recovery already occurs in the US with both natural and anthropogenic CO 2 .These fields provide much of the knowledge base we have about the potential issues related toCO 2 sequestration. Although oil and gas fields have the broadest knowledge base, they are alsoalready breached by all of the oil and gas wells that have made them economic, but potentiallyprovide leakage pathways.Appendix 1 • 8Basic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems
APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES RESOURCE DOCUMENTFigure 2. Options for storing CO 2 in underground geological formations. After Benson andCook (2005).Deep coal seams, often called unmineable coal seams, are composed of organic minerals withbrines and gases in their pore and fracture volumes that can preferentially adsorb and bind CO 2as well as store it in pores and minor fractures.It is likely that most geological sequestration will occur in saline formations due to their largestorage potential and broad distribution. However, initial proposals are for depleted oil and gasfields, accompanying enhanced oil recovery, due to high density and quality of subsurface dataand potential for economic return. Although there is some economic potential in enhanced coalbed methane recovery, much less is known about this style of sequestration (IPCC 2005).For these three sequestration classes, expected CO 2 storage mechanisms are reasonably welldefined and understood (Figure 3). CO 2 sequestration targets will require physical barrierspreventing CO 2 migration to the surface. These barriers will commonly be impermeable layers(e.g., shales, evaporites) overlying the sequestration target, although CO 2 may also be trappeddynamically by regional aquifer down-flow. This storage mechanism is highly or directlyanalogous to that of hydrocarbon trapping, natural gas storage, and natural CO 2 accumulations.Storage through physical trapping allows for very high fractions of CO 2 within pore volumes(80% or greater), and act immediately to limit vertical CO 2 migration. Physical trapping can becompromised or minimized by either a breach of the physical barrier (e.g., permeable fractures)or far-field migration away from an area lacking closure.At the pore scale, capillary forces can immobilize a substantial fraction of a dispersed CO 2bubble, commonly measured to be between 5 and 25% of the CO 2 -bearing pore volume. Thevolume of CO 2 trapped as a residual phase is highly sensitive to pore geometry, andBasic Research Needs for Geosciences: Facilitating 21 st Century Energy Systems Appendix 1 • 9
Page 6 and 7:
TABLE OF CONTENTSBasic Science Chal
Page 9 and 10:
TABLE OF CONTENTSTechnology Impacts
Page 13 and 14:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYpurpose of linking
Page 15 and 16:
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONWorldwide e
Page 17 and 18:
INTRODUCTIONway into the rock forma
Page 19 and 20:
PANEL REPORTSMULTIPHASE FLUID TRANS
Page 21:
PANEL REPORT: MULTIPHASE FLUID TRAN
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
PANEL REPORT: CHEMICAL MIGRATION PR
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
PANEL REPORT: SUBSURFACE CHARACTERI
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
PANEL REPORT: MODELING AND SIMULATI
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
66 Basic Research Needs for Geoscie
Page 82 and 83:
GRAND CHALLENGE: COMPUTATIONAL THER
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
GRAND CHALLENGE:INTEGRATED CHARACTE
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
GRAND CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF MULT
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
106 Basic Research Needs for Geosci
Page 122 and 123:
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:MINERAL
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:NANOPAR
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:DYNAMIC
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION: TRANSP
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:FLUID-I
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161: PRIORITY RESEARCH DIRECTION:BIOGEOC
Page 168 and 169: 154 Basic Research Needs for Geosci
Page 170 and 171: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
Page 172 and 173: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THE MICROSOPIC B
Page 174 and 175: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:HIGHLY REACTIVE
Page 180 and 181: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
Page 182 and 183: CROSSCUTTING ISSUE:THERMODYNAMICS O
Page 184 and 185: REFERENCESBenner, S.G., Hansel, C.M
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESChen, J., Hubbard, S., Pe
Page 188 and 189: REFERENCESEnnis-King, J., Preston,
Page 190 and 191: REFERENCESHolman, H.-Y., Perry, D.L
Page 192 and 193: REFERENCESLi, L., and Tchelepi, H.A
Page 194 and 195: REFERENCESNeal, A.L., Techkarnjanar
Page 196 and 197: REFERENCESReeves, P.C., and Celia,
Page 198 and 199: REFERENCESSteefel, C.I., DePaolo, D
Page 200 and 201: REFERENCESZachara, J.M., Ainsworth,
Page 202 and 203: AppendicesBasic Research Needs for
Page 204 and 205: APPENDIX 1: TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVES
Page 258 and 259: APPENDIX 2: WORKSHOP PROGRAMThursda
Page 260 and 261:
Basic Research Needs for Geoscience
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286:
APPENDIX 4: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
show all

Basic Research Needs for Geosciences - Energetics Meetings and ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?